276 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



bility, the introduction of Hinduism into Java can be referred. 531 

 Be state-, also, that western Sumatra was the first Malay insular 

 region to be influenced by the religion of India. 332 Clifford has 

 reached the conclusion that the Hindu settled both Java and Sumatra 

 not later, probably, than the fourth century of our era, 533 



However traditional the period of first occupancy, and however 

 uncertain the dates given by native historians and the dates of the 

 inscriptions on the monuments, there must have been a gradual 

 extension of Indian influence for a very long time, and an enormous 

 opportunity for the dissemination of Hindu myth and of ceremonial 

 elements, even so far as those remoter parts of Java and Sumatra 

 that are said to have remained in "a state of complete savagery." 

 For many ages, the dominant influence in the southern Malay is- 

 lands was Hindu, for Mohammedanism was not established in the 

 western part of the archipelago until 1320;" ,;, " , while Java, where 

 Hinduism had made the deepest impression, resisted the encroach- 

 ments of Islam successfully until the fall of her last capital in 1478. 

 The period of Hindu rule in the Malay islands could not have been 

 less than six centuries, and probably covered a period of more than 

 ten hundred years. 531 



A number of scholars have put forth the theory that the Philip- 

 pines, as well as the more southern islands, were anciently peopled 

 by an Aryan stock — an argument based on the physical type of the 

 mountain tribes, and on the fact that numerous Sanscrit words are 

 found in various of the dialects of the Philippines. Another piece 

 of evidence sometimes quoted to establish this hypothesis is a paper 

 by the Chinese otlicial, Chao Ju-Kua, who wrote, in the thirteenth 

 century, of the finding of numerous copper statues of Buddha 

 scattered in the forests of Luzon. 538 



631 Cf. A descriptive dictionary of the Indian Islands and adjacent countries, p. 185. 

 1856. 



: ' 31 Cf. ibid., ]). 150. 



633 Cf. Clifford's article, "Malays." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11 ed., vol. 17, p. l7-">. 

 1911. 



63 ■ Cf. K. c. Jayne: "The Malay archipelago." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11 cd., 

 vol. 17, p. 469. 1911. 



8,8 Cf. .1. Cbawfubd: Historj of the Indian archipelago, vol. 2, p. 221. 1820. 



<■" Ibid., vol. 2, i>. BB. 



■•^ RaffleB -ays that in the ninth centnry the records <>t' the native historians heiriu to 

 correspond in all essentials. Cf. Historj of Java, vol. 2, p. 64. 1817. 



530 Cf. Chao Ju-kna'> "Description of the Philippines." (from hi- "Geography," ch. 4(> 

 m. I28n.) Blaib and Robertson: op. <-it., vol. 84, p. 185. 1906. 



