BENEDICT, BAGOBO CEREMONIAL, MAGIC AND MYTH 261 



As for the places at which the informal ceremonial was conducted, 

 anything like a permanent temple seems to have been rare. Morga 432 

 and others state that every person organized his family worship in 

 his own house. Little rooms especially dedicated to anito were found 

 by Chirino, 433 and records of oratories in caves were brought to 

 light by Rizal. 434 



The term anito was in use among the Visayan as far back as 

 the voyage of Saavedra, 1527 — 1528, 435 and for how many cen- 

 turies before that time, we do not know. We have already men- 

 tioned various interpretations of the word anito, as understood by 

 the Tagal, the Visayan and the wild tribes. One interesting point 

 in this connection is, that the care of the Bagobo to have all 

 torches extinguished at manganito 430 is echoed in a note by a 

 Recollect Father, who says that the Visayan had a tabu against 

 lighting fires when a priestess entered for official purposes. 437 



Turning from the ceremonial to popular beliefs and customs, we 

 find the names of a number of demons that are identical with those 

 feared by the mountain tribes. The Patianak 438 represented either 

 the spirit of an unborn child, or of . a woman who had died in 

 childbirth, and consequently was conjured at the time of a woman's 

 trial. Wood-demons identical with the Bagobo S'iring were be- 

 lieved to bewilder people in the woods and to leave them half 

 dead. 430 The Tigbalag, or Tigabalang, 44 " of the Filipino answers 

 exactly to the Tigbanua of the Bagobo. The asuang is not found 

 among the Tagal, but even to-day is dreaded by the Visayan, 

 Catholic though he be, and, as has been shown, the asuang 441 is 

 almost identical with the Bagobo buso. Sacred thickets 442 and single 



4 3 7 



U31 Cf. "Sucesos," 1609. Blair and Robertson: op. oil., vol. 16, p. 132. 1904. 

 1,33 Cf. "Relacion . . . ," 1604. Op. cil., vol. 12, p. 267. 1904. 

 43i Cf. Rizal's note to Morga's "Sucesos", op. cit., vol. 16, p. 132. 

 " ss Cf "Voyage of Alvaro de Saavedra." Op. cil., vol. 2, pp. 36—43. 1903. 

 See pp. 195, 202 of this paper. 



Cf. "Early Recollect Missions," 1624. Blaie and Robertson: op. cit., vol. 21, 

 p. 207. 1905. 



438 Cf. J. M. de ZuiIiga: "The people of the Philippines." 1803. Op. cit., vol. 43, 

 pp. 125 — 126. 1906. See also T. Ortiz: "Superstitions and beliefs of the Filipinos," ca. 

 1731. Ibid., vol. 43, p 107. See also J. de Plasencia: "Customs of the Tagalogs," 1589. 

 Ibid., vol. 7, p. 196. 1903. 



439 Cf. D. Aduarte: "Historia . . . ," 1640. Op. cit., vol. 30, p. 293. 1905. 

 """ Cf. J. M. de Zuniga, loc. cit., p. 126. 



""• « See pp. 40, 42—43 of this paper. 



'•* I Cf. P. Chirino: "Relacion de las Islas Pilipinas." 1604. Blair and Robertson: 



