316 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



so in medial combination with a surd. As in the case of nasals. 

 surd r is indicated by n. r approaches / rather than <l. It is never 

 found in initial position where it appears to be replaced by /. This 

 liquid has a broader occlusion than English / and the position is 

 probably nunc dorsal or cerebral, giving a harsher quality. \i is 

 the rarest sound in the language, found only initially in one or 

 two instances. Here it probably develops from r, as an', small; 

 //" 'i,-f Mi/:, baby. IG 



Spirant v is of weak bilabial occlusion, being occasionally heard 

 as //-. 1T It is probably normally sonant and is heard so initially 

 and in intervocalic position. In final position, and to a lesser extent 

 when in contact with certain surds, it develops a distinctly surd 

 character which is then expressed by the symbol '', though it is 

 never so surd as Spanish bilabial /'. Occasionally, particularly in 

 final position, it was heard as voiceless w, w. 



The spirants s and c are probably both primary, though subject 

 to dissimilation. Both are invariably surd. 8 is pronounced ap- 

 proximately as in English while c is softer than English sh. Both 

 are limited to certain phonetic positions. 



At first both It and x were written and have been retained, but 

 they are probably variants of one sound. It was written most 

 frequently, ./• principally before i and o. Whether the sound is a 



1 fl An intermediate surd-sonant I is found in Papago (Dolores, op. cit.). Russell (op. 

 cit.) writes an I for Upper Pima. This is replaced by r in lower Pima (Smith, op. cit.). 

 In Tepehuane, according; to Riualdini (op. cit.) r aud I are interchangeable hut the latter 

 in better favor. Lumholtz and Hrdlicka (op. cit.) write both r and I in Northern aud 

 Southern Tepehuane and Tepecano and the former does the same in Tarahumare, Tubal 

 and Huichol. K. T. Pjilvss: (."Die Religion der Cora Indianer", Leipzig, 1912.) uses both 

 r and / in Cora; Jose de Ortega ("Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Cora", Mexico, 

 1732; Tepic, 1888; digest in Pimentel, op. cit.) writes only ;\ Hrdlicka (op. cit.) further- 

 more distinguishes au r in Tepecano, and Smith (op. cit.) distinguishes an rh in Lover 

 Pima. These an; probably surd variations of normal r. Regarding the extra group 

 Sonoran languages, Opato (Natal Lombaudo: "Gramiitica y Diccionario", Mexico, 1702; 

 ! in Pimentel, op. cit.) and Heve (BUCKINGHAM Smxth: "A Grammatical Sketch of 

 the Heve Language", Shea's Lib. Am. Ling. New York, 1801; digest in Pimentel, op. 

 cit.) use only r, the former distinguishing also rh. Cahita ("Gnunaiiea y Vocabulario", 

 Me'xieo, 1737; reprint, E. Buelnar, Mexico, 1890; digest in Pimentel, op. cit.) and 

 Tarahumare (P. MlGliEI Tu.i.kuik •., Compeudio Gramatieal , Mexico, 1826; digest in 

 Pimentel, op. cit.) use both r and / though in the latter case r is said to be more 

 correct. Tepecano r is generally identical with Papago / (Dolores, op. cit.). 



" v and w arc difficult to distinguish in Papago also (Dolores, op. cit.). Here v is 

 commonly used befo;e a and »; w before o, u und ii. 



