MASON, TEPECANO, A PIMAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO 341 



to see how the preterit sign, for instance, can be considered as 

 anything else but an integral part of the complex. By this cri- 

 terion nominal incorporation is theoretically very fully developed 

 in Tepecano, though actually of infrequent occurrence. Compare 

 the following forms given as grammatically correct. 



h6ga t i-vaimi iii-i n-taiie-'tit he did-money-me-lent 



an-ti'-um-mai'nio-dain-ko-i [-did-thy-petote-on-slept 



an-ti'-nauv-kus I-d id-nopal-transplanted 



an-ti-sa"a-c-hohiR I-d id-blanket-desired 



( lompare also the extraordinary complex in specimen text 4, p. 405. 



d — a — t— tu'-ga — n— sa"'a.— in— ka't'ua— ilain— va vwa 



Then-slie-did-it-the-my-blanket-my-shoulder-on-already-placed 



A few cases of incorporation of the nominal subject have also 

 been found. This phenomenon is of even less frequency and less 

 authenticity than objectival incorporation, and must be admitted as 

 of doubtful function in the language, though the examples were 

 given as grammatically correct. 



knti'r/msvantok"ta if only God remembers me 



to'tilin'inaiswi'marama-'ciu if one deer appears 



Adverbial Incorporation 



The incorporation of other elements such as adverbs, locatives, 

 postpositions and similar parts of speech is one of the vital pro- 

 cesses of the language and of constant occurrence. Practically all 

 adverbs and postpositions may be thus incorporated. In some cases 

 it is doubtful whether an element is a true verbal particle or 

 whether it is an incorporated adverb. Thus for instance the par- 

 ticle -//- (-a/)-, -up-, -dp-) of frequent occurrence, denoting "also, as 

 well", is evidently related to the synonymous independent adverb 

 puico'p. Similarly the particle -y ;// ~5 "thus, in a like manner", is 

 related to the synonymous independent adverb ha'pu. The two 

 particles are often combined in verbal complexes to -pwp- or -po-p- 

 and translated "thus-also", just as the independent adverbs likewise 

 are often combined and translated similarly, ha'pu puico'p, (asi 

 tambien). These particles, therefore, may be considered either as 

 incorporated reduced adverbs or as verbal elements. 



Among the adverbs most frequently incorporated in the verbal 

 complex are: 



23 



