342 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



Medial Particles 



There remain a large number of true verbal medial elements 

 incapable of independent position which have various adverbial-modal 

 significances. Most of these have a standard order of sequence, 

 some gravitating toward the initial elements, others toward the final 

 (dements. Some, indeed, assume different meanings according to 

 their relative positions in the complex, or, as may be a preferable 

 explanation in certain cases, two different but homonymous parti- 

 cles are distinguished by relative position. 



LOCATIVE PARTICLES 



Of considerable importance in the verbal complex are locative or 

 directive particles. The majority of verbs of motion contain one 

 or more of these, sometimes proclitic, more often incorporated. 'The 

 proclitic locatives are true adverbs and are normally found inde- 

 pendently; they will be listed as adverbs. But there are moreover 

 a few dependent locative elements which occupy a medial position 

 in the verbal complex. They display some analogy to the inde- 

 pendent forms but are never found independently. 



'i\. -//('-, hither from nearby. 



Combines with completive a to b<i. and witli perpendicular i to 

 /W, hither from just above <>r below. 



bicidu'via come bere! 



anbadai'm'ia here I come on the run! 



napitbai'vavom which thou didst lift hither 



'rJ. -tin-, hence " short distance. 



Combines with completive a to ma. ami with perpendicular i to 

 mdi. hence just above <>r below. 



aairaina'rakia I am going to meet him 



kunatpuma.a'di then he chased him away 



lower yourself! 



