346 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



ative as in the above modes and at other rimes it is reduplicated, 

 but for the must part context alone betrays the nature of an inter- 

 rogative. There is however, a definite interrogative particle which 

 is probably used for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity. It is most 

 frequently found however, with adverbs interrogative by nature, 

 though also occasionally with simple questions. 



apsb'puicba*m are you angry .' 



pas6purumki"a-m where is your house? 



has'dpuka*'ida what does he say? 



ha'rovsopotu'uu who is cutting it? 



59. -i u )m, passive, (reflexive). 31 



A true passive seems to exist in Tepecano though it is not of 

 very frequent occurrence. As in Spanish, or possibly through the 

 influence of the latter, there is a close relationship between the 

 passive and the reflexive. For the average reflexive the pronominal 

 object is used without variation, but in the case of the third person 

 singular reflexive where there is no object pronoun, the deficiency 

 is supplied by the passive sign. 



has'd'puMkra' how is it eaten? 



nation. a - 'rgi lie was formed 



at i vuiirn'in he burnt himself 



Mi. -a-. -v(t-, completive. 



The vowel u, appearing alone or in various combinations with 

 other sounds among the medial elements, is always translated by 

 the Spanish adverb u ya", "already". It is very difficult to trans- 

 late idiomatically but seems to imply the idea of completion. It 

 is used however, with present, past and future tenses. With the 

 past it combines with the preterit sign to form the particle -to-. 



anta'tuhu 1 have eaten, (ya comi\ said when meal is finished) 



anta'ava'tia I have already bathed, <ya me bani; said when refus- 



ing an invitation to swim) 

 :i nt a Moi> I have just smoked, (yo ya chupe; said when offered 



a cigarette) 



The same translations are given for the words 



anti'vatuhu' I liave eaten 



oatitpuvahu we have finished eating 



anti'va.ava'tia , I have already bathed 



anti'va.ailtrii I liavc just smoked 



" Lower Pima -am{u) (Smith, op. cit.). 



