352 



ANNALS NEW YOliK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



Reduplication of Verb Stems 



While reduplicated verbal stems occur infrequently in continued 

 narrative, yet most if not all stems are capable of reduplication. 

 The process impresses one as being in a more or less petrified and 

 quiescent state. If a verb stem is ever found reduplicated it is 

 frequently or generally found so. Different phases of the iterative 

 sense are expressed by this method; in some cases plurality of 

 subject is indicated, in other cases plurality of object, but most 

 frequently a continuation of action is thus denoted. Phonetic rules 

 of syncope apply here as with nominal reduplications. 



napimtuda'da-r 



anidada 



gamcida'raiwa 



mituko*'kos 



amti'miava-'pas 



Qaparnu'nkaD'am 



kupipuso'sbiDa 



natpuivo'pmio 

 ani'nanniok' 

 a'uituna'p'uaD 

 na'tpuvahi'hi'n 



ave'micto'tnn 



ye are seated 



I am sitting down 



sit ye down ! 



they sleep 



they placed them 



thou art guardian 



(of all)' 

 thou wilt shield 



(from all) 

 he lifted them 

 I am meeting 

 I am hunting 

 he howled (<log) 

 it is becoming hot 



a'picda' 



cida'i'wa 



avi'ckns 

 auti'va - s 

 napimitnukaD'a 



apinso'bi'da 



natpu.awo'niio 



a'tibi'n'am 



nanitna'udim 



amihr'nak 



ave'micton 



art thou seated .' 



sit down! 

 he is sleeping 

 I placed it 

 ye will guard us 



thou will shield me 



(from it i 

 he lifted it 

 be met me 

 I went for deer 

 they shout 

 it is hot 



These few examples will be seen to express in some cases plur- 

 ality of subject, in others plurality of object and in still others 

 continuance of action. In every case the iterative sense is noted. 

 Nevertheless all three of these ideas are more frequently expressed 



by the use of the unreduplicated stem, the iterative being more 

 generally indicated by adverbial means. 



Internal Modifications of Verb Stems 



The principal internal modification undergone by verbal stems 

 is in the formation of the preterit stem, but there are also two 

 other apparent changes which must be considered. 



