A ClciHsification of Lepidopterous Larvae. 231 



warts. In Li/caena paeudargiolus all the warts have disappeared 

 and the larva is hi«-hly modified. It is a pity that Mr. Edwards's 

 plates do not show the tubercles in more detail. 



Family Papilionidee. 



These are amonj^' the most generalized of the Butterflies. We 

 can see in the younger stages of many species round spinous warts 

 representing nearly all of the tubercles, though usually i and iv 

 have disappeared.^ In the adult larva the tubercles have disap- 

 peared; but they may be represented by spots or long fleshy horns. 



Family Nymphalidae. 



There is a remarkable range of variation in this family. Danais 

 arnhippus shows a structure allied to that of Papilio philenor in 

 its long fleshy horns. In Apatura and in the Satyrinse the tuber- 

 cles are absent after the first molt; and in Liminitis and Heteroch- 

 roa the body is covered with a whole mass of secondary tubercles 

 and spines. In the genera represented by Heliconius, Argynnis, 

 aud Vanessa we have an entirely difi'erent arrangement. Tubercle i 

 is consolidated into a single unpaired process on the dorsal line. 

 In the mature larva there are usually only four processes: (1) dor- 

 sal, unpaired, (2) subdorsal, (3) lateral, and (4) substigmatal ; but 

 in the first stage of Melitfea phaeton, Gruber'^ shows four processes 

 besides the dorsal one, i. e., only tubercle iv lacking.' 



Family Pieridae. 



In this family the tubercles are gone, the body covered with fine 

 short hairs. I have not examined the tubercles which are present 

 in the first stage. Edwards's figures only indicate them. 



Family Hesperidae. 



As in the Pieridae the tubercles are gone. The form of the larvae 

 is characteristic, with large head and small prothoracic segment. 



1 See article by A. Gruber in Jena. Zeit. fiir Naturwissenschaft, vol. XVIII, 

 pp. 46.5-489 (1884). 



2 Ibid. 



3 In Heliconius and in Argynnis cUana the whole row of unpaired dorsal 

 processes is lacking. A whole article might profitably be devoted to the 

 variation of the tubercles of Nymphalidje. 



Annals N. Y. Acad Sci., VIII, May, 1894.— 16 



