54 Studies on Life-history of Bomhycine Moths. 



developed as the result of successfully withstanding the attacks of 

 birds. 



Pupa, %. — Length 12 to 13 mm. It is moderately stout, and 

 differs considerably from the normal shape. The head is armed 

 with two stout curved high prominent ridges, converging in front 

 and nearly meeting and almost touching the apex of the raised very 

 distinct clypeus. On the prothoracic segment is a high thin median 

 dorsal ridge; the continuation of it on the rest of the thorax is low, 

 but rather more marked than usual. The sutures between the six 

 basal abdominal segments form deep dorsal furrows, the front edge 

 of which is raised, with a row of teeth projecting over the furrow, 

 the hinder edge of which is toothed, but the teeth form rather long 

 straight ridges The end of the body is blunt or docked, and armed 

 with four small spines on each side, two of them on the outside near 

 together. On the surface of the 9th segment are a few minute sharp 

 spines. The head and thorax are a little darker than the abdomen, 

 the body in general being of the usual chestnut or mahogany-brown. 



Notes on the habits of the newly-hatched larva of 

 Thyridopteryx ephemer.^formis. 



The habits of the freshly- hatched larva of this insect have already 

 been well described by Dr. Riley in his Bulletin No. 10, Division 

 of Entomology, on Shade-tree Pests, U. S. Dept. Agr., "Washing- 

 ton, and the following observations may serve to supplement his. 



From eggs kindly sent me by Dr. Riley, the larvae hatched in a 

 warm room April ITth; they were found late at night, 11 o'clock, 

 in large numbers in a box on my study table and had eaten little 

 holes in the cloth covering. On the next morning some of them 

 had begun to make hat-like loose cases of the bits of cloth and 

 paper. One in particular, enclosed in a corked vial, had bitten out 

 rather large round mouthfuls or pellets of the coi'k and fastened 

 the bits together by silken threads, forming a loose sheet or rug- 

 like mass, in which the larva rolled about so as loosely to attach 

 itself to the silken threads, the mass forming a rude band encircling 

 the end of the body. One was seen to lie on its back in a rude 

 heap of the cork pellets, and by rolling over in it bad formed a wide 

 girdle or loose band which nearly met around the body, the gap 

 across the metathoracic tergite being filled up in three or four 

 minutes more by three or four bits of cork (see Riley's Fig. 8, c, d) ; 

 during this process the little restless creature would lie on its back 



