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THE VERTEBRATE BODY 



Ligament 



Articular cartilage 



Synovial membrane 

 Synovial fluid 



Compact bone 

 Spongy bone 



Fig. 22.2. Londitudinal section through a typical hinge joint such as is found at the 



elbow. 



3. Upper jaw bones. 



4. Lower jaw bones. 



5. Teeth. 



B. The spinal column. 



1. Vertebrae (including the urostyle which is formed by a 

 fusion of vertebrae that usually form the tail bones). 



C. Sternum. 



II. The appendicular skeleton. 



A. Anterior portion. 



1. Pectoral girdle. 



2. Bones of foreleg. 



B. Posterior portion. 



1. Pelvic girdle. 



2. Bones ofiiind leg. 





