March i, 1886.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 



613 



ceotage of oil is much larger. The contrary is the 

 case with E. um^yJ'iliiiti, which grows in uplaud 

 districts, and which const-quently has its vegetatiou 

 checked by the greater cold iu winter, and therefore 

 yields oil most abundantly in the summer. The 

 «ucalyptus oil of commerce, as pointed out by Mr. 

 MacEwau and others, has hitherto consisted chiefly 

 of the oils of i'. (t/nyt/datina and /'.'. diimo^a. The 

 former lends itself well to the dilution of the more 

 valuble essential oils such as ueroli, rose, etc., for 

 use in perfuming soaps, etc. j'hi: latter finds its 

 principal use in the manufacture of varnishes, a 

 comparatively small proportion being used in medicine. 

 This will be readily understood from the fact that in 

 Mr. Bosisto's manufactory alone at least »ix tons of 

 leaves are operated on daily and the annual production 

 is not less than 12,U00 lb. of the oil. 



The solvent powers of eucalyptus oil on resins, etc., 

 have been given in the following order : mastic, saudarac, 

 elemi, xanthurrhea, resin, benzoin, copal, amber, anime, 

 shellac, caoutchouc, an<l guttapercha. 



The oil added to methylated spirit, in the proportion 

 10 ounces of the former to 1 gallon of the latter, is 

 used to dis.solve kauri resin, which will dissolve in 

 this mi.xture without the aid of heat to the extent 

 of 2 lb. out of every 2J lb. used: the addition of a 

 little colophony or Venice turpentine rendering the 

 kauri resin completely soluble. It is also used to 

 dissolve asphaltum for photograph varnish. In veter- 

 inary practice it is used in Australia as an embrocation 

 for swellings, bruises or stiff joints. In domestic 

 practice it is employed for rheumatism, etc. 



The necessity for manufacturing the oil cheaply as 

 a commercial product has naturally led to the choice 

 of the two species mentioned, which, as will be seen 

 from the above table, yield a much larger quantity 

 than E. ylohu us. The two other species which yield 

 more oil than the latter, viz.. E. leucoxylon and E. 

 goniocaXyx^ being probably more scattered in mode of 

 growth, would be less easily procurable. 



The oil which passes in commerce uuder the name 

 of oil of E. dnmosa* is likely to vary considerably 

 in specific gravity and in character since it is obtained 

 from the mallee scrub, a dense shrubby growth covering 

 desert land and consisting of a mixture of E. olfoia^ 

 E. incrasaata. E. gianlis and E. ancinuta in different 

 proportions. Mr. Bosisto calculates that in Victoria 

 alone the mallee scrub is capable of furnishing 4,843,872 

 gallons of oil, and the E. umygdaliiui 2S0,891,0iX) gallons. 



Other species jielding abuniiaiice of oil, such as 

 the E. sulubiis of W. Australia, will probably furnish 

 volatile oil to commerce, when manufactories are 

 established in the districts where they are abundant. 

 The trees mentioned by .Sir F. von Mueller as oil- 

 yielding species are E. sat monophluia and K. 

 Ravtretiana, W .\ustralia ; E. achienoidts, E.microcoiys, 

 and iS'. eugenioidet in the Southern provinces. The 

 volatde oil of E. citrio'hra will probably become an 

 article of export as soon as it can be manufactured 

 on a commercial scale, so as to compete in perfumery 

 with oils of similar odour. This tree is regarded as 

 a variety of E. mjcxUata^ bearing the sanie relation 

 to it that Tht/ntus citi-uxto/U (loes to Thi/mui serpijUitm. 

 The remark is made c>nceruing it, in * Kucalypt<j- 

 graphia,' that the perfunie seems only developed 

 within the subtropical regions of the range of this 

 species, but that it is nevertheless hereditary, i.e., 

 when cultivated outside those regions. 



Under the head of /■;. cr^hnt, another species of 

 eucalyptus, discovered by Mr. Sellheim, is allu<led to 

 as having lemon-scented foliage. This has since been 

 described by Mr. T. M. Bailey, in the excellent synopsis 

 of the ' Queensland Klor«,' as a iriw R))ecies, imder 

 the n-ime of •• E. St xujf!fian<t, F. von. Mueller, ined." 

 This pi mt. according to M ■. .Stsii;er, > ieids a !-.irge 

 quantity of vo!atil(» oil, 2J per cent, wlreh so exacly 

 reft mbl-s oil of vvbena in odour, tint it might 

 easily pm forit. Ill specific gnvify i. !)01. Theoiou • 

 of the oil> of J?, pip'irit'i and E. lueni'istumfi hinr-^ sume 

 r«8emblance to peppermint. — Pkartiuicfuticul Journnt. 



* E. dximosa is considered to be a small form of E. 

 inerauata. 



Tii.uiNG Paveb maybe prepared as follows: — Mix to- 

 gether with a gentle heat, one ounce of Canada balsam, 

 ami a ^ pint of spirits of turpentine ; spread it with 

 a soft brush thinly over one side of good lisi-ue paper. 

 It dries quickly, is very transparent, and is not greasy, 

 therefore leaves no stain on anything copied. — Queens- 

 land Aifflcu^turUt. 



Pkeservi.nc; Kaii.koad Ties. — It is at length found 

 that it is profitable to creosote railroad ties in Europe, 

 and large establishments for the purpose of so pre- 

 serving them are getting common. In our country 

 where we burn thousands of acres of timber annually, 

 ties are )et too cheap to lead railroad men to think 

 of it. — Gatdeters^ MouUdy Hortii'ulitirigt. 



Prosi'ect.'! o» CiNinoN.\ Bahk. — A London 

 authority, writing undei date Jan. Mth, .says : — 

 " Quinine is active — and slightly higher. Some 

 70,000 to 80,000 oz. have been sold during the 

 last 3 days. An improved demand from America 

 is anticipated. The huge exports from Ceylon of 

 cinchona bark have acted injuriously on the 

 market." 



Inflie.vce of the OfiAtT ON THE STOCK. — Among 

 the strongest arguments in favor of the idea that the 

 graft has an influeiKe on the stock is the exjjerience 

 of nurserymen with apple trees. It is well known 

 that nurserymen can tell a variety by the root. A 

 row of Maiden Blush apples when dug up presents 

 a very different appearance to a row of Fallawater 

 roots. It was supposed that the graft gave its own 

 character to the toot on which it was grafted, and 

 this has been accepted as an undoubted fact. Now 

 comes Mr. Eli Meech, of Shiloh, New Jersey, and 

 tells the Farmer and Gardener that the reason for the 

 difference iu the roots is that the grafts send out 

 roots of the ir own. Now we confess that this is 

 much more reasotiable than the older guess ; and until 

 we get more evidence are inclined to believe that Mr. 

 Meech has the best of the argument. — Gardentrt' 

 Monthly HorticulturiA, 



Tub Pbodlction ok Silk i?* Rlssia. — According to 

 a Kussiaii im^ustri.il journal, the production of silk 

 iu the Turkestan district is more important even than 

 in the Caucasus ; the yearly outturn averaging rather 

 over oOO.OOO lb. : of which about two-thirds comes from 

 the Sarawschansk district. Bokhara and Kashgar have, 

 respectively, yearly crops of about 2tlO,0OCI lb. and 

 300,(KX) lb. Silk cultivation has existed in Central Asia 

 for seventeen centuries. In the first half of the second 

 century, the Chinese possessed nearly all that teri- 

 tory; to which fact the starting of the industry has 

 been attributed. Its present development would seem, 

 however, mainly due to its revival, in 1875, by the 

 Governor of Bokhara. It is expected th.it the improved 

 communications now being organised between Europe 

 and Central Asia, will tend to open up direct trade 

 iu the raw material with the silk districts in ques- 

 tion. —Jo«r/irt^ of the Sodetu of Arts. 



SiK Joseph HooKKB, who has announced his inten- 

 tion of resigning his position as Director of Kew Gard- 

 ens, has throughout his career manifested great 

 interest in Indian botany. It is not generally 

 known that lie nearly acciuired the crown of martyr- 

 dom as the reward of his scientific zeal when he 

 was made a captive by the Raja of Sikkini. His 

 researches have by no means restricted to the Hora 

 of India, although his Indian studies contributed 

 in no Siiiall degree to his high reputation. Accord- 

 ing to a recent writer, " it is dithoult to conceive 

 that his ' Himalayan Journals ' can ever be out 

 of date either for instruction or entertainment." 

 The work he has done as Director of Kew Gardens 

 is of incalculable importance, alike in the interest 

 of pure science and material jnogress. Although 

 Sir Joseph propo.ses to give up bis olficial salary 

 and the otfioial cares wliieh entail upon him an 

 enorinoits correspondence, liis influence will not b« 

 lost to Kew, or to the scientific world, as we are 

 told that he will continue his labours at the Kew 

 herbarium. — Indian AnrifitUiiTht. 



