38 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



Morphology: Mertins and Coppel, 1972. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 65: 33-38 (abdominal glands in 

 female). 



Genus GILPINIA Benson 



Gilpinia Benson, 1939. Bui. Ent. Res. 30: 341. 



Type-species: Lophyrus polytomus Hartig. Orig. desig. 



A Palaearctic genus of about 24 species, two of which have been introduced into North Amer- 

 ica. In Asia, representatives of this genus are found as far south as Pakistan, northern India, and 

 Thailand. In many references, the species below have been assigned to the genus Diprion. 



fnitetorum (Fabricius). Que., Maine, Ont. s. to N. J., Pa.; Europe to Siberia. Accidentally 



introduced, first found in Mass. and R. I. in 1932. Host: Pbnis sylvestris, P. reshiosa are 

 favored, but also found on Pinus banksiana, P. strobus, P. mugho, P. nigra, and P. 

 cembra in North America, and other pines in Eurasia. 



Tenthredo fnitetorum Fabricius, 1793. Ent. System., v. 2, p. 111. 



Lophyrus variegatus Hartig, 1834. Forstl. Convers.-Lex., p. 990. 



Lophyrus thomsoni Konow, 1884. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 28: 312. 



Diprion fnitetorum var. lutescens Enslin, 1916. Forstl. Naturw. Ztschr. 14: 13. 



Diprion frutetonim var. luteolum Enslin, 1916. Forstl. Naturw. Ztschr. 14: 13. 



Biology: Gray, 1938. Ont. Ent. Soc, Ann. Rpt. 1937, pp. 50-51. — Schaffner, 1943. Jour. 



Forestry 41: 586. —Schaffner, 1944. Conn. State Ent., 43rd Rpt., 1943, Bull. 481, pp.. 



310-311. -Hsin, 1935. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent., Beihefte 22: 254, 255-260, 267-271, 289-292 



(biological study in Germany), -de Oliveira and Juillet, 1969. Phytoprotection 50: 59-69. 



—Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 451-452. 

 hercyniae (Hartig). Newfoundland, Que., Ont. to Pa. w. to Man.; Europe. Accidentally 



introduced, first found in Ont. in 1922 and in N. H. in 1929; first serious infestation was 

 at Gaspe, Que. in 1930. Host: Picea glauca, P. rubens, P. mariana, P. abies, P. excelsa, 

 P. pungens, P. sitchensis, and other species of spruce in infested areas here and in 

 Europe. European spruce sawfly. Prior to 1941, the species found in North America was 

 referred to under the name polytomum (Hartig). 



Lophyrus hercyniae Hartig, 1837. Fam. Blattwespen und Holzwespen, nebst Einleitung 

 Naturgesch. Hym., p. 123. 



Taxonomy: Smith, 1938. Nature 141: 121. —Smith, 1941. Sci. Agr. 21: 245-305 (cytology and 

 parthenogenesis). —Reeks, 1941. Canad. Ent. 73: 181-187 {hercyniae and polytomum as 

 distinct species). — Balch, Reeks, and Smith, 1941. Canad. Ent. 73: 198-202. — Forster, 

 1949. Canad. Ent. 81: 112. 



Biology: Dowden, 1931. Tree Pest Leaflet 34, 4 pp. —Balch and Simpson, 1932. Canad. Ent. 

 64: 162-163. —Balch, 1934. Canad. Dept. Agr., Div. Forest Ins., Special Cir., 6 pp. —Balch, 

 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 23-31. — MacAloney, 1936. Tree Pest Leaflet 6, 4 pp. — MacAloney, 

 1936. Jour. Forestry 34: 125-129. — Atwood, 1938. Ont. Ent. Soc, Ann. Rpt. 1937, pp. 48-50. 

 -Peirson and Nash, 1939. Maine Forest Comm., 22nd Bien. Rpt. 1937-1938, pp. 79-96. 

 -Balch, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32: 412-418. —Dowden, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32: 619-624. 

 — Prebble, 1941. Canad. Jour. Res. 19: 295-322, 323-346, 350-362 (diapause). -Brown, 1941. 

 Canad. Dept. Agr., Pub. 712, 5 pp. — Goebeil, 1941. Canad. Jour. Res. 19: 363-382 

 (diapause). -Goebeil, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35: 677-679 (diapause). —Schaffner, 1943. 

 Jour. Forestry 41: 585-586. —Balch and Bird, 1944. Sci. Agr. 25: 65-80. —Reeks and Smith, 

 1945. Acad. Nat. 2: 10. —Morris, 1949. Mich. Univ. School Forestry and Conserv., Bui. 12, 

 58 pp. —Morris, 1951. Canad. Ent. 83: 133-147. — Finlayson and Finlayson, 1958. Canad. 

 Ent. 90: 584 (parasites). —Finlayson, 1960. Canad. Ent. 92: 922-941 (parasites). —Balch, 

 1960. Canad. Ent. 92: 301. — Martineau, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 317. — Neilson and Morris, 

 1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 773-784 (regulation in Maritime Provinces, 1937-1963). — Monteith, 

 1967. Canad. Ent. 99: 682-685 (responses to food plant and tachinid parasite). —Baker, 

 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 452-453. -Wong, 1972. Canad. Ent. 104: 

 755-756 (spread in Man.). 



Morphology: Reeks, 1937. Canad. Ent. 69: 257-264 (adult). 



