Suborder SYMPHYTA 5 



genera). — Konow, 1905. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 27, 27 pp.; fasc. 28, 14 pp.; fasc. 29, 

 176 pp. (world catalog). -Dyar, 1893-1895. Canad. Ent. 25: 244-248; 26: 42-45, 185-189; 27: 

 191-196, 208-212 (larvae). —Dyar, 1895 Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 22: 301-312 (larvae) -Dyar, 

 1897. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 5: 18-30, 190-201 (larvae) -Dyar, 1898. Canad. Ent. 30: 173-176 

 (larvae) -Dyar, 1898. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 6: 121-138 (larvae) -Dyar, 1900. N. Y. Ent. 

 Soc, Jour. 8: 26-31 (larvae). -Rohwer, 1911. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 13: 215-224 

 (classification). -Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 20, pt. 2, pp. 69-109 

 (genotypes and work of Ashmead). —Rohwer, 1911 Ent. News 22: 218-219 (additions and 

 correction to "genotypes"). — Enslin, 1912-1918. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., Beih. 790 pp. 

 (Tenthredinoidea of middle Europe). — MacGillivray, 1913. Ent. Soc Ont., Ann. Rpt. 44: 

 54-75 (larvae). —MacGillivray, 1916. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 22: 

 25-175. -Yuasa, 1923. 111. Biol. Monog. 7(4): 1-168 (N. Amer. larvae). —Ross, 1937. 111. Biol. 

 Monog. 15(2): 1-173 (generic revision, N. Amer.). —Benson, 1938. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 

 Trans. 87: 353-384 (world classification). —Benson, 1951. Handb. for Ident. of Brit. Ins., v. 

 6, pt. 2(a): 1-49; 1952, v. 6, pt. 2(b): 51-137; 1958, v. 6, pt. 2(C): 139-252. -Lorenz and 

 Kraus, 1957. Die Larvalsystematik der Blattwespen, 339 pp. (larvae of European species). 

 —Ross, 1960. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 315-321 (early history of sawfly study in N. 

 Amer.). —Benson, 1962. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 12: 381-409 (Holarctic sawflies). 

 — Rasnitsyn, 1969. Origin and evolution of the lower Hymenoptera, 187 pp. (fossil). 



Biology: Rohwer, 1915. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 17: 195-198 (mating habits). —Benson, 1950. 

 Soc. Brit. Ent., Trans. 10: 45-142 (natural history of Brit, sawflies). —Wong, 1954. Canad. 

 Ent. 86: 154-158 (sawflies on white birch in Man., Sask.). — Neilson, 1958. Canad. Ent. 90: 

 229-234 (life histories of sawflies in low-bush blueberry fields in N. B. ). — Raizenne, 1957. 

 Canada Dept. Agr. Pub. 1009, 45 pp. (forest sawflies of s. Ont. and their parasites). 

 — Lindquist, 1959. Canad. Ent. 91: 625-627 (leaf mining sawflies on birch). — Lindquist and 

 Miller, 1970. Ent. Soc. Ont., Proc. 100: 117-123 (free-feeding sawflies on birch and alder in 

 Ont.). -Lindquist and Miller, 1971. Ent. Soc. Ont., Proc. 102: 118-122 (larvae feeding on 

 spruce and balsam fir in Ont.). 



Morphology: Marlatt, 1891. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 2: 115-117 (final molting of larvae). 

 — Marlatt, 1894. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 3: 78-82 (neuration of wings). —MacGillivray, 1906. 

 U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 29: 569-654 (wings). —Van Dine, 1906. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 1: 

 19-22 (comparative anatomical study of mouthparts). — Crampton, 1919. Ent. Soc. Wash., 

 Proc 21: 129-155 (genitaHa and terminal abdominal structure of males and larvae). 

 — Middleton, 1921. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 23: 139-144 (terminal abdominal structures). 

 — Middleton, 1921. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 23: 173-192 (suggested homologies between 

 larvae and adults). — Boulange, 1924. Mem. et Travaux des Facultes Catholiques de Lille 

 28: 1-444 (genitalia). —Taylor, 1931. Roy. Phys. Soc, Proc. 22: 41-70 (morphology of the 

 tenthredinid head). -Taylor, 1931. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 24: 451-466 ("Dyar's Rule", its 

 application to sawfly larvae). — Malloch, 1936. Inaugural- Dissertation, Erlangung der 

 Doktorwurde, Philosophischen Fakultat der Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universitat zu Berlin, 55 

 pp. (thorax and cenchri). —Parker, 1934. Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici 28: 159-191 

 (anatomy of larvae, with special reference to head). —Ross, 1936 Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 

 99-111 (ancestry of wing venation). —Ross, 1945. Ent. News 56: 261-268 (genitalia: 

 terminology and study techniques). —Maxwell, 1955. Canad. Ent. 87 (sup. 1): 1-132 

 (comparative internal larval anatomy). — Arora, 1956. Panjab Univ., Res. Bui., Zool. 90: 

 85-119 (relationship of Symphyta to other insect orders based on adult external 

 morphology). — Togashi, 1965. Kontyu 33: 230-234 (rectal papillae). — Togashi, 1970. Mushi 

 43 (sup.): 1-114 (comparative morphology of internal reproductive organs). — Kenchington, 

 1972. Jour. Ent. 46: 111-116 (variations in silk gland morphology among larvae). 



