Order HYMENOPTERA 



By Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr. 



The Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects with more than 20,000 species in 

 America north of Mexico, most of which are beneficial and many of which are of considerable 

 economic importance to agriculture and forestry either as parasites or predators of pests or as 

 pollinators of more than 100 commercially grown crops. Among the relatively few injurious 

 Hymenoptera are the sawflies, some of which are serious defoliators or stem-borers of trees or 

 crops. 



Taxonomy: Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, 439 pp., 1 p. of errata, 3 pp. of index. 



— Panzer, 1806. Kritische Revision der Insektenfauna Deutschlands, v. 2, Hymenoptera, 

 271 pp. 2 pis. Cited in text as Krit. Rev. Insektenf. Deutschlands. —Andre, 1879-1913, 

 Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie, vols. 1-11. Cited in text as Spec. Hym. 

 Eur. Alg. —Cameron, 1883-1900. In Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana. 

 Hymenoptera; vol. 1, pp. 1-487, 20 pis., 1883-1900; vol. 2, pp. 413, 13 pis., 1888-1900. Cited in 

 text as Cameron, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym. — Cresson, 1887. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans., Sup. 

 Vol., pp. 1-350 (key to No. Amer. families, genera and catalog of spp.). — Dalla Torre, 

 1892-1902. Cat. Hym., 10 vols, (world spp.). — Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hymenopterologica, 355 

 pp., 11 figs., 1 pi. Cited in text as Spolia Hym. — Viereck, et ai, 1917 (1916). Conn. State 

 Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 22: 1-824, 10 pis., 15 text figs, (keys to Conn. spp.). 



— Boerner, 1919. Biol. Zentbl. 39: 145-186, 6 figs, (phylogeny). — Schroeder, 1925. Handb. d. 

 Ent. 3: 712-825, figs. 593-705. — Tillyard, 1926. The Insects of Australia and New Zealand, 

 pp. 252-307, 53 figs., 2 pis. — Schmiedeknecht, 1930. Die Hymenopteren Nord- und 

 Mitteleuropas, 2nd ed., 1062 pp., 127 figs. Cited in text as Hym. Mitteleuropas. — Brues 

 and Melander, 1932. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 73: 471-526, figs. 887-971 (keys to families, 

 adults, and larvae). — Handlirsch and Meixner, 1933. In Krumbach, Handb. d. Zool., v. 4, 

 Insecta 2, pp. 895-1036. — Comstock, 1940. An Introduction to Entomology, pp. 884-1007. 



— Essig, 1942. College Entomology, pp. 619-727. — Imms, 1948. A General Textbook of 

 Entomology, ed. 7, pp. 544-615. — Lanham, 1951. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 44: 614-628, 27 figs, 

 (phylogeny based on wing venation). — Muesebeck, Krombein, Townes et a/., 1951. U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, 1,420 pp., 1 map (catalog of species north of Mexico). 



— Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 993-995 (larvae, key to certain families). 



— Richards, 1956. Hymenoptera, Introduction and Keys to Families. Handbooks Ident. 

 Brit. Ins., Roy. Ent. Soc, London 6, pt. 1, 94 pp., 197 text figs., 11 pis. — Boucek et ai, 

 1957. In Klic Zvireny CSR (keys to the fauna of Czechoslovakia), ed. by Kratochvil, pp. 

 35-406, 1108 figs. —Bradley, 1958 (1956). Tenth Internatl. Congr. Ent. Proc. 1: 265-269 

 (phylogeny). —Krombein et al., 1958. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, Sup. 1, 305 pp. 



