Abbreviations and Symbols 



LITERATURE CITATIONS 



The source for journal abbreviations is Whit- 

 lock, C, 1939, Abbreviations used in the De- 

 partment of Agriculture for titles of 'publica- 

 tions. United States Department of Agricul- 

 ture Miscellaneous Publication No. 337, 278 

 pages. Abbreviations for other titles and 

 journals not found in Whitlock essentially 

 follow the same format and abbreviations 

 that she recommends. Book titles are usually 

 shortened to omit irrelevant adjectives and 

 include abbreviations, e.g. : Wheeler and 

 Wheeler, 1963. The Ants of North Dakota, 

 p. — , is cited as Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. 

 Ants of N. Dak., p. — . Certain lengthy non- 

 serial titles are also abbreviated, e.g. : Say, 

 1824. /;; Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., 

 V. 2 (App.), p. — , rather than Say, 1824. In 

 Keating, Narrative of an Expedition to the 

 Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek 

 . . ., etc. The titles are intended to be uni- 

 form throughout the catalog, but, in a work 

 of this magnitude, there will naturally be 

 some deviations. The abbreviations should be 

 adequate to find the cited publication. 



SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 



Certain symbols and abbreviations are fre- 

 quently used in this catalog. Though there 



may be slight variations in some, they are 



generally as follows : 



(!) — lapsus or misspelling of a scientific 

 name. 



" 9 " = $ or " 5 " = 9 — incorrect sex deter- 

 mination. 



9 {$ misdet.) or i (9 misdet.) — only one 

 of the sexes described belongs to the spe- 

 cies cataloged. 



9 — female. 



<5 — male. 



5 — worker. 



'H — soldier. 



ab. — aberration. 



app. — appendix. 



cent. — central. 



changed status — used after a species-group 

 name to indicate a rank different from that 

 previously accorded to it; not necessarily 

 the same as new status. 



desig. — designated; e.g., in type-species de- 

 signation, "Desig. by Rohwer, 1911." 



e., east. — east, eastern. 



emend.- — emendation. 



fasc. — fascicle. 



fig., figs. — figure, figures. 



h.— heft. 



n. comb. — new combination ; used after a 

 species-group name to indicate a new ge- 

 neric assignment. 



n. name — new name; used after a genus- 

 group or species-group name to indicate 

 a substitute name for a homonym. 



N. name — New name ; used after a biblio- 

 graphic citation to indicate a previously 

 proposed name. 



Nom. nud. — Nomen nudum. 



n. s. — new series. 



n. status — new status ; used where a taxon is 

 here accorded a rank different from that 

 which it had previously. 



N. syn. — New synonymy; used to indicate a 

 synonym newly proposed in this catalog. 



n., no., north. — north, northern. 



n.e., northeast. — northeast, northeastern. 



n.w., northwest. — northwest, northwestern. 



orig. desig. — original designation; used to 

 indicate type-species designation. 



p., pp. — page, pages. 



pi., pis. — plate, plates. 



preocc. — preoccupied ; used after a genus- 

 group or species-group name to indicate a 

 homonym. 



pt. — part. 



revised status — revised status; used to de- 

 note a taxon that has been removed from 

 synonymy. 



ser. — series. 



s., so., south. — south, southern. 



s.e., southeast. — southeast, southeastern. 



S.W., southwest. — southwest, southwestern. 



sp., spp. — species. 



ssp., sspp. — subspecies. 



