318 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



tomologica"; the latter has continuous pagination, but is in most other respects a serial publica- 

 tion, and in this catalog I have bibliographically treated it as such. Thomson was an important 

 adopter of Foerster names. In adopting them, however, he often altered their terminations (see 

 Perkins, 1962, p. 387-390). The Thomson spellings have most recently been treated as emenda- 

 tions (see Walkley, 1958, p. 57; Perkins, 1962, p. 387; Townes, 1969, p. 13-14), and I have cited 

 them as such in this catalog. However, Thomson never cited the original spellings in any of these 

 cases, and although it is obvious in most cases that his spellings were deliberate, they technically 

 should be treated as lapses. Thomson was good at finding characters for distinguishing genera, 

 and also seems to have been very talented at distinguishing closely related species. His ability in 

 the latter respect, at least, seems to have been much greater than that of any of his contempora- 

 ries who worked on Ichneumonidae. The weaknesses in Thomson's work stem from the fact that 

 he apparently never traveled to study the collections even of prior Scandinavian workers (e.g. 

 Hobngren, Thunberg, Woldstedt), but instead ignored their names (i.e. in the case of Thunberg) 

 or attempted to identify their species from their descriptions. Many of Thomson's errors in the 

 identification of the species of others are being corrected in current papers. 



Ashmead published on Ichneumonidae between 1888 and 1906. His 1900 treatment of the 

 Ichneumonoidea was hastily contrived and full of errors. It is based largely upon the generic 

 keys of Foerster and, with respect to Ichneumonidae, is significant mostly for its fixation of 

 some type-species and for the validation of new generic and specific names. Some of the names 

 validated by Ashmead (1900) were discussed by Cushman (1942). Crawford (1900) published a 

 list of Ashmead's entomological papers and an index to the generic names of Ashmead; there is 

 no published list of only those Ashmead papers which involve Ichneumonidae. 



The ichneumonid part (1901-1902) of Dalla Torre's catalog of Hymenoptera is, for the most 

 part, bibliographically accurate and nearly complete. Those inaccuracies which are found in his 

 catalog appear to have resulted from the fact that he either did not have all of the primary 

 literature available to him or did not have time to check it. He connot be faulted on either ac- 

 count, but those who can feasibly check his cataloging of older works probably would be wise in 

 doing so. 



Viereck published a significant number of papers on Ichneumonidae and other Hymenoptera 

 between 1902 and 1928, but is probably best known for his publications on the type- species of 

 Ichneumonoidea (1914, 1921) and the Hymenoptera of Connecticut (1917, with other collaborat- 

 ing authors). His work on the ichneumonoid type-species was based largely upon Dalla Torre's 

 catalog; some of his oversights of first inclusions of species in ichneumonid genera of Foerster 

 could have been avoided if he had studied Dalla Torre's catalog more carefully. Viereck was not 

 a careful worker, however, and the characters he used for distinguishing what he called genera 

 and species were poorly chosen. Consequently, his 1917 treatment of the Ichneumonidae in 

 Hymenoptera of Connecticut has served only to befuddle or mislead those who have attempted 

 to use it. Apparently, there is no published list of Viereck's publications. 



Roman (Sweden) and Cushman (U. S. A.) were specialists who published numerous papers on 

 Ichneumonidae over periods of time that were largely overlapping (1903-1940 and 1913-1947, 

 respectively). I have cited below the four taxonomic papers of Cushman (1921 [with Gahan], 

 1922, 1928, 1942) which deal with Ichneumonidae in a more or less general fashion. A complete 

 listing of Cushman's publications was given by Townes (1957). 



Roman (1912, 1932, 1936) published important papers on ichneumonid type specimens of Thun- 

 berg and Linnaeus. His papers on the Ichneumonidae of Greenland are some of the most recent 

 ones on the subject; these and other papers on Greenland Ichneumonidae were cited by 

 Sachtleben (1962c, p. 923). Sachtleben (1962a, p. 171-173) listed most of Roman's papers on 

 Ichneumonidae. 



The Nearctic catalog of Ichneumonidae by Townes (1944, 1945) differs from the present 

 catalog in showing all the published generic combinations for each species and in citing type lo- 

 calities and type repositories. Those types of Viereck cited in that catalog as being at the Conn. 

 Agr. Expt. Sta. have since been transferred to the U. S. Natl. Museum. Other corrections to the 

 1944-1945 catalog of Townes were given by Townes (1973, p. 359-369). 



The Nearctic catalog of Townes and Townes (1951) did not cite either the nomina nuda which 

 had been cited in synonymy by Townes (1944, 1945) or those he had left unplaced (1945, p. 

 768-770). The nomina nuda are reinserted here because they have some historic significance, that 

 significance being greatest when they pertain to specimens which subsequently became types of 

 valid names. 



