Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA 385 



bridwelli (Cushman). Md., Va., Fla. Ecology: Associated with Pbms virginiana. Host: Xyela 

 sp. 

 Lysiognatha bridwelli Cushman, 1937. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 27: 444. 6, 9. 

 comstockii (Ashmead). Ont., N. Y., Md., D. C, Va. Ecology: Associated with Finns divaricata 

 and P. virginiana. 

 Lysiognatha comstockii Ashmead, 1895. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 3: 276. 6,9. 

 Lysiognatha sulcata Cushman, 1937. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 27: 442. 6,9. 



contortae Townes. Utah, Ariz., Calif. Ecology: Associated with Finns contorta, P. mnricata, 

 and F. ponderosa. 

 Idiogramma contortae Townes, 1951. In Townes and Townes, Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 53: 

 310. 6, 9. 



fraterna Townes. Utah, Ariz., Calif. Ecology: Associated with Finns contorta and F. 

 ponderosa. 

 Idiogramma fratemns Townes, 1951. Ln Townes and Townes, Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 53: 

 312. 6, 9. 



longicauda (Cushman). Md., Va., Ga., Ala. Ecology: Associated with Fi^ius taeda and P. 

 virginiana. Host: Xyela sp. 



Lysiognatha longicanda Cushman, 1937. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 27: 443. 6,9. 

 titana Burdick. Calif. Ecology: Associated with Finns conlteri. 



Idiogramma titana Burdick, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 159. 6,9. 



Subfamily EUCEROTINAE 

 Genus EUCEROS Gravenhorst 



Euceros Gravenhorst, 1829. Ichn. Europaea, v. 3, p. 368. 



Type-species: Euceros crassicomis Gravenhorst. Monotypic. 

 Eumesius Westwood, 1840. Introd. Mod. Classif. Ins., v. 2, p. 153. Unnecessary n. name for 



Euceros Gravenhorst, which is not preocc. by Eucera Scopoli, 1770. 

 Omaloceros Giraud, 1857. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 7: 163. Unnecessary n. name for 



Euceros Gravenhorst. 

 Tautozelus Foerster, 1868. Naturh. Ver. Rheinlande, Verh. 25: 212. 



Type-species: Euceros egregius Holmgren. Included and desig. by Perkins, 1962. 

 The type species is regarded as a synonym of E. serricomis Haliday. 

 Encerusd) Verhoeff, 1892. Ent. Nachr. 18: 4. 



Pseudasthenara Uchida, 1930. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Faculty Agr., Jour. 25: 276. 

 Type-species: Asthenara rufocincta Ashmead. Monotypic and orig. desig. 



This is the only genus in the Eucerotinae; it is moderate sized, and its distribution is Holarctic, 

 Australian (one undescribed sp.), and Ethiopian (one Madagascan sp.). The genus was placed in 

 the Tryphoninae (as tribe Eucerotini) by Townes (1969), apparently based upon the similarities 

 between the final instar larvae of Euceros and Exentenis (cf. Finlayson [1960, p. 34]), but the 

 egg, the early larval instars, the adult, and the biology of Euceros differ so greatly from those of 

 Tryphoninae or any other Ichneumonidae that the genus is here placed in a subfamUy of its own, 

 as was done by Perkins (1959). Barron (1977) has published a revision of the Nearctic species; I 

 regret that it was not feasible for me to revise the present treatment of Euceros accordingly. 



Euceros eggs are stalked and greatly resemble those of Chrysopidae; they are deposited on 

 foliage near early-instar larvae of a carrier host (defoliating sawflies or Lepidoptera). The 

 planidial first larval instar of Euceros remains upon its empty chorion at the top of the egg stalk 

 until it is able to attach to a passing carrier host. Although a Euceros planidium obtains enough 

 fluid from the carrier host to sustain itself, it is an obligate hyperparasite and cannot develop 

 further on the carrier host; its chance for completing its development depends upon the host 

 being parasitized (presumably most often subsequently) by another ichneumonid (it seems 

 reasonable to expect rearings from larger Braconidae also). The time at which a Euceros planidi- 

 um enters its true host is not known for certain and may vary according to the true host's mode 

 of parasitism (true hosts include external as well as internal parasites). When the true host is an 

 internal larval parasite (e.g. Phobocampe or Olesicampe), it appears likely that the first-instar 

 Euceros planidium remains externally attached to the carrier host until the mature larva of the 



