748 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



-Doube and Heath, 1975. Jour. Med. Ent. 12 (4): 443-447. — Khasimuddin and DeBach, 

 1976 a. Entomophaga 21 (1): 81-92. —Khasimuddin and DeBach, 1976 b. Entomophaga 21 

 (1): 113-122. —Khasimuddin and DeBach, 1976 c. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 69 (1): 15-20. 



Family TORYMIDAE 



By E. E. Grissell 



I 

 I 



This family, represented in every zoogeographical region, contains in excess of 70 genera and 

 600 species. Members of the subfamily Agaoninae are exclusively phytophagous. Most members 

 of the Megastigminae are phytophagous, but a few parasitic species are known in Europe. The ■ 



other subfamilies of Torymidae are largely parasitic, frequently on gall-forming insects. Hosts 

 are reported in the Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. 



Revision: Crawford, 1914. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 16: 123 (Nearctic key). — Hoffmeyer, 1930. 

 Ent. Meddel. 17: 232-285 (Palearctic key).— Nikol'skaya, 1952. Chalcid fauna of the U. S. S. 

 R., pp. 101-149 (Palearctic key; Eng. transl. 1963). —Joseph, 1964. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 

 Proc, Ser. B. Taxonomy 33: 63-66 (classification). 



Taxonomy: Peck, 1963. Canad. Ent., Sup. 30: 526-590 (bibliography). 



Morphology: Breland, 1938. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 46: 355-399. —Copland and King, 1972. 

 Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 124: 191-212 (female reproductive system). 



Subfamily AGAONINAE 



By B. D. Burks 



The members of this subfamily develop as gall makers within the fruits of figs, Ficus spp. As 

 Hill (1967) has stated, "Pollination of fig flowers is effected through a unique symbiotic associa- 

 tion with chalcid wasps. No other means of pollination is available to the plant, and in their turn 

 the wasps cannot develop anywhere except in the gall flowers of the figs." 



Taxonomy: Grandi, 1963. Univ. Bologna, 1st. di Ent, Bol. 26: 319-373 (world cat. of genera 

 and spp.). — Wiebes, 1966. Zool. Verhandel. 83, 44 pp. (world host list). —Hill, 1967. Figs of 

 Hong Kong, Hong Kong Univ. Press, pp. 91-98 (world genera). 



Biology: Hill, 1967. Figs of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Univ. Press, pp. 7-12, 99-102. 



Genus BLASTOPHAGA Gravenhorst 



Genus BLASTOPHAGA Subgenus BLASTOPHAGA Gravenhorst 



Blastophagus Gravenhorst, 1827 (1826). Uebers. Arb. Schles. Gesell. Vaterland. Kultur, p. 

 23. Suppressed by Opinion 694, Internatl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl., 1964. 



Type-species: Blastophagus grossonim Gravenhorst. Monotypic 

 Blastophaga Gravenhorst, 1829. Schles. Gesell. Vaterland. Kultur, Beitr. Ent., p. 27. 



Emend. Validated by Opinion 694, Internatl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl., 1964. 

 Kradibia Saunders, 1883. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., pp. 20, 23. 



Type-species: Kradibia cowani Saunders. Monotypic. 

 Kradibiella Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 313. 



Type-species: Kradibiella nigricorpus Girault. Orig. desig. 

 Paraceratosolen Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 312. 



Type-species: Paraceratosolen latipennis Girault. Orig. desig. 



Taxonomy: China, 1960. Bui. Zool. Nomencl. 18: 69-72 (request for validation of Blastophaga 

 Gravenhorst, 1829, and suppression of Blastophagus Gravenhorst, 1827). —Internatl. 

 Comn. Zool. Nomencl., 1964. Opinion 694, Bui. Zool. Nomencl. 21: 31-32 (validation of 

 Blastophaga Gravenhorst, type-species B. grossorum Gravenhorst). —Hill, 1967. Figs of 

 Hong Kong, Hong Kong Univ. Press, p. 91. 

 psenes (Linnaeus). Ariz., Calif.; worldwide in frost-free areas. Introduced from Algeria. Host: 

 Fruit of the inedible caprifig. First introduced into California in 1890 to 



