Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA 835 



townsendi (Ashmead). Va., N.C., S.C, Ga., Ind., 111., Wis., Mont., Wash., Oreg., Calif.; Mexico, 

 West Indies, Japan. Host: Azya trinitatis Marsh., Cryptognatha nodiceps Marsh., C. 

 siniilltDia Sicard, Hypemspis lateralis Muls., Pentilia insidiosa Muls., Scymnus sp., S. 

 guttulatus Lee. 



Scyninophagus townsendi Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1: 319. 9, 3. 



Xenocrepis mexicana Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27: 227. 9,6. 



Tripolycystus cryptognathae Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 211. 9, 6. 



Ta.xonomy: Gahan and Peck, 1946. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 36: 316 (types of townsendi and 

 niexicana the same specimens). —Burks, 1954. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1093: 13 (syn.). 

 -Delucchi, 1954. Bui. Ent. Res. 45: 265. -Graham, 1956. Ent. Monthly Mag. 92: 256 

 (generic placement). 



Family EURYTOMIDAE 



By B. D. Burks 



Although phytophagous chalcidoids are to be found scattered among several families, there is 

 a higher proportion of phytophagous species in the Eurytomidae than in any other chalcidoid 

 family. Many of the eurytomids develop in seeds, and others are gall formers. Many others, how- 

 ever, are parasites and some are both parasitic and phytophagous in their development. These 

 latter begin development as parasites and then complete it as phytophagous feeders. Malyshev, 

 1968 (Genesis of the Hymenoptera, English translation, London, pp. 35, 53, 67), considers the Eu- 

 rytomidae the most primitive family of the Chalcidoidea, and he discusses types of larval 

 development in this family. There are very few other workers in Hymenoptera that agree with 

 Malyshev that the Eurytomidae is the most primitive family of the Chalcidoidea; the prevailing 

 opinion, based on both habits and morphology, is that the Torymidae is the most primitive. 



Revision: Burks, 1971. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 97: 1-89 (World genera). 



Taxonomy: Bugbee, 1936. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 16: 169-222 (phylogeny). — Ferriere, 1950. 

 Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 23: 378-379 (European fauna). — Claridge, 1961. Soc. Brit. Ent., 

 Trans. 14: 170-183 (British fauna). —Graham, 1970. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc, Ser. B: 

 Taxonomy 39: 139-152 (Palearctic fauna). 



Subfamily RILEYINAE 



Genus MACRORILEYA Ashmead 



Macrorileya Ashmead, 1900. In Smith, N J. State Bd. Agr., Ann. Rpt. 27 (Sup.): 555. 

 Type-species: Rileya oecanthi Ashmead. Monotypic. 

 oecanthi (Ashmead). N. J., Va., N. C, III, Nebr., Idaho, Ariz., Calif. Ecology: Parasitizes eggs 

 of tree crickets. Host: Oecayitlius sp., 0. califoniicus Sauss., 0. latipennis Riley, 0. 

 nigricomis Walk., 0. quadripunctatus Beut., 0. niveus (Deg.). 

 Rileya oecanthi Ashmead, 1894. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 21: 321. 9, <J. 



Biology: Smith, 1916. Jour. Econ. Ent. 9: 479. —Smith, 1930. Univ. Calif. Pubs., Ent. 5: 

 165-172. —Smith, 1931 (1930). Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 505: 11-12. — Udine and 

 Pinckney, 1940. Pa. State Acad. Sci., Proc. 14: 81-84. 



Genus RILEYA Ashmead 



Rileya Ashmead, 1888 (June). Ent. Amer. 4: 42. No species. 



Type-species: Rileya cecidoniyiae Ashmead. Included by Ashmead, 1888 (July). 

 Kans. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 3, App. p. III. 

 Ashnieadia Howard, 1889. Canad. Ent. 21: 59. N. name for Rileya Ashmead, thought to be 



preoccupied by Rileya Ashmead, 1888 (July). 

 Xenopelte Cameron, 1913. Timehri 3: 126. 



Type-species: Xenopelte couridae Cameron. Monotypic 



Tragiicola Brethes, 1918. Soc. Ent. de France, Bui. (1918): 83. 



Type-species: Tragiicola haurnani Brethes. Monotypic. 



