Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA 849 



Genus EVOXYSOMA Ashmead 



E vox y 1^0)11 a Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4: 42-43. No species. —Ashmead, 1894. Amer. Ent. 

 Soc, Trans. 21: 328. One species. 



Type-species: Systole brachyptem Ashmead. Desig. by Ashmead, 1894. 

 Euoxyso)ii(t Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym., v. 5, p. 345. Emend. 

 Eitxysona Cameron, 1905. Ztschr. Syst. Hym. Dipt. 5: 344. Misspelling. 



brachyptera (Ashmead). Fla. 



Sysfole brachyptem Ashmead, 1886. Amer. Ent. See, Trans. 13: 126. 9. 

 vitis (Saunders). Conn., Ont., N. Y., N. J., N. C, Ohio, Mo. Ecology: Develops in seeds of wild 

 and cultivated grape; its development in the seeds causes grape fruits to wither. Host: 

 Vitin sp. 

 Isoxoma vitis Saunders, 1869. Canad. Ent. 2: 25. 9, 6. 



Taxonomy: Bugbee, 1967. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 118: 516. 



Biology: Riley, 1870. Mo. State Bd. Agr., Ann. Rpt. 5: 92-93. -Saunders, 1871. Ont. Fruit 

 Growers Assoc, Ann. Rpt. 1870: 109-111. —Crosby, 1909. N. Y. Agr. E.xpt. Sta., Bui. 265: 

 380. — Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 20: 158 (oviposition). 



Genus BRUCHOPHAGUS Ashmead 



Bnicliopliagns Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4: 42, 43. No species. —Ashmead, 1894. Amer. 

 Ent. Soc. Trans. 21: 328. Three species. 



Type-species: Bniclioplmgits borealis Ashmead. Desig. by Ashmead, 1894. 

 Systoloiles Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4: 42, 43. No species. —Ashmead, 1894. Amer. Ent. 

 Soc, Trans. 21: 320. One species. 



Type-species: Systolodes brevicornis Ashmead. Desig. by Ashmead, 1894 



This genus contains the best known species of seed chalcids, most of them developing in legu- 

 minous seeds. In 1888, when Ashmead named the genus, he thought that its species parasitized 

 bruchids that developed in leguminous seeds. Even after the phytophagous nature of some of 

 the species had been clearly demonstrated, he refused to accept it. As late as 1904, long after the 

 clover seed chalcids had been shown by competent workers to be phytophagous, he wrote: Dr. A. 

 D. Hopkins claims that Bnicliophagus fnnebris is phytophagous and states he has proven it by a 

 series of experiments. I think, however, some mistake has been made and I cannot accept Dr. 

 Hopkins' observation as conclusive. ...I am inclined to think that both Drs. Howard and Hopkins 

 are wrong, and that Bnichophagus funebris is a parasite upon some Brnclnis (Carnegie Mus., 

 Mem. 1: 260). 



Taxonomy: Girault, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48: 338-339 (brief review of spp.). — Boucek, 1954. Mus. 

 Natl. Pragae, Acta Ent. 30: 76 (subg. of Eurytoma). — Fedoseeva, 1954. Mosk. Univ. 

 Vestnik 9 (5): 113-118. —Fedoseeva, 1958. Zool. Zhur. 37: 1345-1351. — Claridge, 1961. Soc 

 Brit. Ent., Trans. 14: 178. 



Biology: Burks, 1958 (1957). Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 59: 273-277 (hosts). —Fedoseeva, 1960. 

 Nauch. Dok. Vyssh. Shkoly. Biol. 3: 14-18 (ecology). 

 borealis Ashmead. Ont. Originally said to have been bred from a Brucluis, but that is almost 

 certainly incorrect. 

 Briichophagits borealis Ashmead, 1894. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 21: 328. 9,6. 



Taxonomy: Girault, 1916. Canad. Ent. 4: 338. 

 caraganae (Nikolskaja). Man., N. Dak., Sask.; Europe, Asia. Host: Caragana arborescens, C. 

 frutex, C. pygiiiaea, C. soplioraefolia. 

 Eurytoma caraganae Nikol'skaya, 1952. Opred. Faune SSSR 44: 176, 187. 9, 6 



Taxonomy: Bugbee, 1956. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49: 505. 



Biology: Znoiko, 1952. Ent. Obozr. 32: 49-55 (life history and parasites in Palearctic region). 

 -Hedlin, 1957 (1956). Canad. Ent. 88: 622-625 (in Nearctic region). 

 gibbus (Boheman). Cosmopolitan; common throughout North America. Host: Melilotus sp., 

 Trifolium sp. Clover seed chalcid. 

 Eurytoma gibba Boheman, 1836 (1835). Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 56: 244. 9. 



