1060 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



brevicornis Kieffer. Nev. (Ormsby Co.). 



Hemicrisiti brevicornis Kieffer, 1907. Ent. Ztschr. Stuttgart 21: 162. 6. 

 nevadensis Kieffer. Nev. (Ormsby Co.). 



Hemicrisis nevadensis Kieffer, 1907. Ent. Ztschr. Stuttgart 21: 162. 9. 



Genus PHAENOGLYPHIS Foerster 



Phaenoglypltis Foerster, 1869. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 19: 338. 



Type-species: Phaenoglijphis xanthocliroa Foerster. Monotypic. 

 Auloxysta Thomson, 1877. Opusc. Ent., v. 8, p. 811. 



Type-species: Aiiloxysfu nigripes Thomson. Desig. by Ashmead, 1903. 

 Bothrioxysta Kieffer, 1902. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, Bui. (2) 10: 11. 



Type-species: Auloxysta )iigripes Thomson. Desig. by Rohwer and Fagan, 1917. 

 americana Bai<er. Colo. (Ft. Collins). 



Phaenoglyphis americana Baker, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 131. 6. 



Family CYNIPIDAE 



All the species of this family inhabit plants, either as gall-makers or as inquilines. The latter 

 develop in galls produced by other Cynipidae, by Chalcidoidea, or by Diptera. The first subfami- 

 ly, Synerginae, contains only inquilines, or as often designated in cynipid literature, guests. The 

 second subfamily, Cynipinae, is composed entirely of gall producing species. 



The arrangement of genera and species used here is based on the published papers of the late 

 L. H. Weld, his unpublished notes, and his arrangement of the U. S. N. M. collection. The nomen- 

 clature used here may or may not agree with that used by Felt in his 1940 pubHcation, Plant 

 Galls and Gall Makers, 364 pp. All evidence is that Mr. Weld thoroughly considered Felt's 

 nomenclature before he prepared the Cynipidae section of the 1951 Hymenoptera Catalog. 



As was done in the 1951 Hymenoptera Catalog, two large papers by A. C. Kinsey are cited as 

 separate publications. This is done primarily because those works were widely distributed by 

 Kinsey as separate volumes. The complete references for them are as follows: Kinsey, 1930. The 

 Gall Wasp Genus Cynips, Ind. Univ. Studies 16 (84, 85, 86): 1-577, June, Sept., Dec. 1929, issued 

 Feb. 1930. (Waterman Inst. Sci. Res. Pub. 42; Contrib. Dept. Zool., Ind. Univ. No. 220, Ent. Ser. 

 No. 7). Kinsey, 1936. The Origin of Higher Categories in Cynips, Ind. Univ. Pubs., Sci. Ser. No. 4: 

 1-334, issued Nov. 1936. (Contrib. Dept. Zool., Ind. Univ. No. 242, Ent. Ser. No. 10). 



Subfamily SYNERGINAE 



All members of this subfamily develop as inquilines, or guests, in galls on various plants. 

 Although all the species of this subfamily emerge from galls, in no instance do they induce the 

 formation of the galls. There is, however, evidence that some inquilines cause slight changes in 

 the structure of the galls they inhabit. Their entire development occurs in galls induced by mem- 

 bers of the subfamily Cynipinae, some chalcidoids, or the dipterous gall makers in the family 

 Cecidomyiidae. It often occurs, however, that so many inquilines emerge from the galls, and so 

 few of the gall-makers emerge (in some instances no gall-makers emerge), that it is easy to 

 misjudge the habits of the inquilines. As a matter of fact, some of the inquilines have been 

 described as gall-makers, but in no instance is that true. Mani, 1964, (Ecology of Plant Galls, pp. 

 236-238), gives a summary of the existing literature on cynipid inquilines. 



The subfamily name Synerginae was first proposed by Ashmead, 1896, (Amer. Ent. Soc, 

 Trans. 23: 186). This group somewhat corresponds to the "Group Inquilinae" proposed by Hartig, 

 1840, (Ztschr. f. Ent. 2: 197). Hartig's name Inquilinae is not available for use because it is not 

 based on a generic name in the Cynipidae. Actually, Hartig's name Inquilinae was a descriptive 

 term that meant "Einmieter" or lodger. 



Genus SAPHONECRUS Dalla Torre and Kieffer 



Saphonecrus Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910. Das Tierreich, Lief. 24, p. 605. 

 Type-species: Synergus cointatas Hartig. Orig. desig. 



Guests in galls on oak. 



