1045 



Superfamily CYNIPOIDEA 



By B. D. Burks 



The Cynipoidea have gone through an evolutionary development that approximately parallels 

 that of the Chalcidoidea. Both superfamilies have parasitic and phytophagous forms, although 

 the Cynipoidea does not include known genera that have phytophagous as well as parasitic spe- 

 cies. In the Chalcidoidea several genera include phytophagous and parasitic species; in the Cyni- 

 poidea no such mixtures occur below the family level. It should be borne in mind, however, that 

 the present classification of the Cynipoidea may have given unjustifiable weight to the habits of 

 the forms placed in the various higher categories. In any case, in each superfamily it is debatable 

 whether the phytophagous or parasitic habit is the more primitive. Although all authorities 

 agree that the members of each superfamily came originally from phytophagous ancestors, there 

 is disagreement as to whether the first Hymenoptera recognizable as representing either super- 

 family were parasitic or phytophagous. If they were parasitic, as many authorities believe, the 

 present-day phytophagous species are secondarily evolved from parasitic ancestors. The close 

 agreement in essential morphological characters among all members of each superfamily ex- 

 cludes the possibility of polyphyletic origin for the parasitic and phytophagous forms. 



Revision: Dalla Torre and Kieffer, 1910. Das Tierreich, 24, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, 891 pp. 

 (world monograph, literature through 1905). —Weld, 1952. Cynipoidea 1905-1950. Ann 

 Arbor, Mich., Privately Printed, 351 pp. (supplement to Dalla Torre and Kieffer; 

 illustrated keys). 



Taxonomy: Felt, 1940. Plant Galls and Gall Makers, pp. 78-228; 254-269; 329-338 (illustrated 

 keys to galls). —Weld, 1957. Cynipid Galls of Pacific Slope. Ann Arbor, Mich., Privately 

 Printed, 80 pp. (illustrated keys to galls). —Weld, 1959. Cynipid Galls of the Eastern 

 United States, Ann Arbor, Mich., Privately Printed, 158 pp. (illustrated keys to galls). 

 —Weld, 1960. Cynipid Galls of the Southwest. Ann Arbor, Mich., Privately Printed, 51 pp. 

 (illustrated keys to galls). 



Biology: Mani, 1964. Ecology of Plant Galls, 434 pp. 



Family IBALIIDAE 



Subfamily IBALIINAE 

 Genus IBALIA Latreille 



Ibalia Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. v. 3, p. 306 



Type-species: Opiilon cultellator Fabricius. Monotypic. 

 Sagaris Panzer, 1806. Krit. Rev. Insektenf. Deutschlands, v. 2, p. 91. 



Type-species: Opiiion cultellator Fabricius. Monotypic. 



