234 allan hancock pacific expeditions vol. 15 



Ecology and Habit 



Most species of Orbiniidae occur in sandy or muddy bottoms of 

 intertidal to shallow or moderately deep seas. Fewer numbers are re- 

 ported from abyssal depths. These deep-water species are distributed 

 mainly in the genera Phylo, Califia, Scoloplos and Naineris. Thus in 

 Phylo the type of the genus, P. felix Kinberg, is littoral on both sides of 

 America (see below) ; P. nudus (Moore) is recorded from 1242 to 2982 

 feet off southern California (Moore, 1911, p. 315); P. fimbriatus 

 (Moore) occurs off Japan in 120 to 1560 feet (Moore, 1903, p. 464) 

 and P. norvegicus (Sars) has been recorded from shallow water to 8040 

 feet off New York (Mcintosh, 1885, p. 352) and in 450 to 888 feet in 

 northern Japan (Annenkova, 1938, p. 170). Phylo kupfferi (Ehlers) 

 occurs in the northern Atlantic Ocean in 4305 to 8196 feet (Ehlers, 

 1874, p. 296) and P. grubei (Gravier) is described off Peru in 2532 

 feet (Gravier, 1908, p. 42). Naineris quadricuspida (Fabricius) was 

 taken in 5940 feet off northern Japan (Annenkova, 1938, p. 171). 

 Califia calida, new genus and species, is known only from greater depths 

 off southern California (see below). Scoloplos armiger (Miiller), 

 originally described from shallow seas of western Europe, has a nearly 

 cosmopolitan distribution in shallow to greater depths with a record off 

 northern Japan in 3000 to 6000 feet (Annenkova, 1938, p. 170). 



The associations of species from the northern Pacific Ocean are 

 predictable within limits. Naineris dendritica and Scoloplos acmeceps 

 are commonly found in sandy and mixed bottoms overgrown with 

 grasses, especially in the roots of Phyllospadix and Zostera or the hold- 

 fasts of littoral algae. Haploscoloplos elongatus and Scoloplos armiger 

 occur in greater ranges of depths (see chart of species in San Pedro 

 Basin). The associations of species of Orbiniidae and Paraonidae are 

 indicated by symbols on the charts. Each group of letters represents 

 species taken together in a single small sample from the area indicated. 



