NO. 3 HARTMAN : ORBINIIDAE, APISTOBRANCHIDAE, PARAONIDAE 309 



Ethocles Webster and Benedict, 1887, p. 733, with one species, E. 

 typicus Webster and Benedict, 1887, pp. 733-35, pi. 6, figs. 

 77-85, from New England in soft bottoms. 



Skardaria Wesenberg-Lund, 1951, p. 59, with one species S. frag- 

 mented Wesenberg-Lund, 1951, pp. 59-65, figs. 1-4, from Ice- 

 land. 



PARAONIDAE Cerruti, 1909 

 Includes Levinseniens Mesnil and Caullery, 1898. 



Historical 



Members of the Paraonidae are best known through studies by Mes- 

 nil and Caullery (1898, pp. 126-150) and Cerruti (1909, pp. 459-512). 

 The former recognized the affinities of the paraonids with the Orbiniidae 

 and Apistobranchidae (see above) and erected a new family, Levin- 

 seniens, for a species that had been earlier placed in the Spionidae. The 

 studies of Cerruti are notable for reviewing previous works and present- 

 ing copies of most earlier illustrations. A comprehensive anatomical 

 description is given for Aricidea jeffreysii, scnsu Cerruti. This species 

 and three others, Cirrophorus branchiatus Ehlers, Paraonis (Paraonides) 

 neapolitana Cerruti, and P. (Paraonis) paucibranchiata, are recorded 

 from the Mediterranean Sea; Paraonis (Paraonis) fulgens (Levinsen) 

 and Levinsenia gracilis (Tauber) are reviewed. Fauvel (1927a, p. 72) 

 added P. (Paraonis) tenera Grube and P. (Paraonides) lyra Southern 

 to the list of species for France. 



The oldest species, P. tenera Grube, 1872, comes from the Mediter- 

 ranean Sea. Aricidea jeffreysii (Mcintosh) 1879, as tScolecolepis, 

 originated from Davis Strait, Greenland, in 20 fathoms. Whether this 

 is the same as the one so called from southern Europe is still uncertain. 

 The identity has been questioned by Fauvel (1936a, pp. 65-66), who 

 studied specimens from Morocco. 



Cerruti (1909, p. 493) regarded Aricidea nolani Webster and 

 Benedict, 1887, from Maine as identical with A. jeffreysii (but see 

 below). Fauvel (1927a, p. 70) accepted Cerruti's classification but in 

 the key to genera and species Paraonis and Paraonides are given in re- 

 versed order. More recent studies have been concerned mainly with the 

 addition to specific ranks (see list below). 



