92 Bulletin 142. 



Orchardist " in 1825. This is apparently the first notice of the insect in 

 any horticultural book, and although Europeans had been writing of it 

 for nearly two hundred years, it is a curious fact that, so far as we can 

 glean from the literature, it remained for this American writer to make the 

 first suggestion for controlling the insect. Apparently it was not realized 

 until 1832, when Dr. Harris called attention to the fact, that the insect 

 which caused wormy apples in America was the same as the well-known 

 European insect. Only two noteworthy discussions of the insect appeared 

 in American literature during the next thirty years. In 1841, Dr. Harris 

 gave a very good account in his " Insects of Massachusetts ; " and in 1846, 

 Miss Morris published in the American Agriculturist ?,ovi\Q. original obser- 

 vations, accompanied by the first American picture of the insect. This 

 picture is reproduced in figure 126. 



The American literature of this pest since 1864 is doubtless nearly as 

 voluminous as that of all other countries combined. During this period 

 the following Americans have made notable additions to our knowledge of 

 the insect and how to combat it: Trimble (1865), Walsh (1868), Riley 

 (1868, 1873), Le Baron (1873), Cook (1875, 1888), Cooke (1881), Chapin 

 (1883), Atkins (1884), Goff (1886), Forbes (1886, 1887), Wickson (1887), 

 Howard (1888), Gillette (1889, 1891), Popenoe (1889), Washburn (1891, 

 1893), Koebele (1890), Munson (1892), Lodeman (1892, 1893), Marlatt 

 (1894, 1895), Smith (1894, 1897) and Card (1897). The best and most 

 comprehensive discussions of the insect are those by Le Baron, Cook 

 (1875), Cooke (1883), Howard (1888), Gillette (1891) and Washburn 



(1893). 



Geographical Distribution of the Insect. 



The native home of this insect, like that of its principal food, the 

 apple, was doubtless southeastern Europe. It is now a cosmopolitan 

 pest, occurring in nearly every corner of the globe where apples are 

 cultivated. It is especially destructive in Europe, the United States 

 and Canada, and in the English colonies of South Africa, Aus- 

 tralia, Tasmania and New Zealand. It is said to have been seen in 

 Victoria about 1855, in Tasmania at least as early as 1861, in New 

 Zealand in 1874, and in South Australia and South Africa about 1885. 

 It has been a serious pest in Canada for many years, but it seems to 

 have not yet gained a foothold in British Columbia. In 1871, Zeller 

 reported having receiv^ed it from Brazil. 



Its introduction a)td spread in tJie United States. — It was probably 

 introduced into the United States from Europe in packages containing 



