The Codijng-Moth. 103 



the orchard, though in confinement they may be laid anywhere. 

 'I'hey are usually found on leaves of a cluster associated with an 

 apple." 



^ In the light ot these definite facts, the old stereotyped notion that 

 the eggs are usually laid in the calyx must be discarded. The eggs 

 may be glued anywhere it happens, to the surface of the fruit, to the 

 stem, or even on the adjacent leaves. A glance at the ovipositor of 

 the moth, represented at o in figure 131, shows that it is only adapted f^r 

 laying eggs on the surface of the fruit or leaf. It is quite flat and 

 hoof- like in appearance, and strongly beset with hairs. The eggs of 

 the second or more broods, wherever such occur, are probably laid in 

 similar situations; Koebele found them m California in August, 1889, 

 on the stem, on the fruit near the stem, on the upper half and near the 

 calyx of pears. 



It seems that there has been considerable difference of opinion on the 

 important question of zvhen the eggs are laid ; that is, at what stage in the 

 development of the fruit they are laid. The records on this point vary 

 from ^'iust before the petals fall " to " nearly a month after the blossoms 

 dropped." The common notion has been that the eggs were laid soon after 

 the blossom fell, but apparently with no definite evidence to support it. 

 When Koebele and Wier first found the eggs in California, the fruit was 

 about an inch in diameter. In 1S89, Gillette noted in Iowa that no worms 

 hatched until nearly a month after the blossoms fell, and the apples were 

 then an inch in diameter. Both in 1896 and 1897, we were unable to find 

 any eggs on either early or late varieties of apples in orchards at Ithaca, 

 N. Y., until the fruit had reached the size shown at a, b, b in figure 131 ; 

 this was during the last week in May, and the blossoms had been off for a 

 week or more, and the calyx lobes had drawn together. Furthermore, 

 moths did not begin to emerge in our cages in any numbers until a few 

 days before we found eggs in the field, or not until after the blossoms had 

 fallen even from later varieties. Mr. Card's careful observations in 

 Nebraska in 1897 add corroborative evidence to the above. He found the 

 first eggs on June 3 and the first worm on June 12, while the petals had 

 fallen from most varieties by May 10. 



Thus from the only definite evidence we have, one cannot escape 

 the conclusion that, in the northern half of the United States at least, 

 most of the eggs of the codling-moth are not laid until a week or more 

 after the petals of the blossoms have fallen from most varieties '^f 



