114 Bulletin 142. 



August {Country Gentleman^ January 25, 1871). Wc hav^c bred mottiS 

 in August here at Itliaca from cocoons spun in July, and our olDScrva- 

 tions indicate lliat in New York the number of worms of the first brood 

 which develoj) into moths the same season depends largely upon the 

 weather conditions which affect the earliness or lateness of the opening of 

 spring. In 1896, for instance, spring opened earlier than usual in New 

 York, and everything was very favorable for the development of insect 

 life for several weeks, with the result that there was evidently nearly if not 

 quite a full second brood of the ccdling-moth, for a much larger percent- 

 age of the apples than usual were injured late in the season. We believe 

 that there is always a partial second brood of the insect in New York, and 

 in some years probably a full second brood in many parts of the state. 



There is conclusive evidence of two full broods of the insect in Illi- 

 nois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, with indica- 

 tions of a partial third brood in southern Illinois and in Nebraska and 

 Colorado. In the higher altitudes of California there are apparently 

 but two broods (Bull. 22, U. S. Div. of Ent., p. -89), while three 

 broods appear in other parts of the state. Observations in Oregon 

 and New Mexico indicate three broods there also. 



The evidence submitted from New Jersey indicates some peculiar vaiia- 

 tions in the life ()f the insect in that state. In 1865 Trimble recorded that 

 he found pupae under some of his bands at Newark, N. J., on August 10, 

 and on August 20 and 23 he found that "about one in five of the worms 

 had transformed to moths "; thus demonstrating at least a partial second 

 brood in that part of the state. In 1894, Smith recorded some experi- 

 ments extending over three years, from which he recently concludes that 

 "near New Brunswick there is positively a single annual brood only." 

 But he admits that " south hi Burlington county there is at least a par- 

 tial sjcond brood." In the same paragraph he also states that the moths 

 emerge earlier at New Brunswick than Card records them in Nebraska, 

 where there are at least two broods of the insect. . It seems strange that 

 there should be such a difference in the life of this insect within a distance of 

 less than thiity miles in the same state. But there seems to be something 

 peculiar about the conditions near New Brunswick, N. J., for Smith finds 

 that other insects, notably the elm leaf-beetle, lead a different life there 

 than they do only a comparatively short distance either to the north or 

 south. 



\\\ 1895 Fletcher reported that " careful observations made during 

 the last ten years convince me that in this part of Canada (Ottawa) 

 there is only one regular brood of this insect in the year, 'i^n's is, I 



