122 Bulletin 142. 



it soon spins a cocoon (figure 135) under the loose bark. Usually 

 tlie first worms to thus spin in June or July, soon transform to 

 pupa' (figure 136), from which the adult insect emerges in about two 

 weeks, and eggs are soon laid from which a second brood of the 

 worms hatch. In m.ost of the more northern portions of the United 

 States, only a part of the worms of the first brood pupate or transform 

 to moths the same season, but in the central, western and southern 

 portions there is a complete second brood, and in some portions even 

 a third brood of the worms annually. In the fall all the worms spin 

 cocoons wherever they may be, either in the orchard or in storerooms, 

 and remain curled up in them as caterpillars until spring opens, when 

 they transform, through the pupa, to the moth, thus completing their 

 yearly life cycle. 



The Natural Enemies of the Codling-Moth. 



At no period of its existence does the codling-moth seem to be secure 

 from the attacks of its enemies; even the tiny eggs and the moth do 

 not escape their relentless jaws. 



Koebele records that in California a '' most efficient destroyer of the 

 insect is a small bat which is always in search of the moth, appearing 

 somewhat later than the latter, but keeping up its chase until dark, 

 when apparently the moths cease their flight and the bats go off in 

 search of other food. Every night during June as many as six of 

 these bats were to be seen flying around an isolated apple-tree upon 

 which there were a large number of the moths, not only taking the 

 codling-moth on the wing, but very often darting at a leaf to get the 

 restmg moth " 



It would seem that the codling-moth's egg, not quite so large as a 

 common pin's head, would escape the eye of the enemy, but many of 

 them do not. In June, 1896, we were surprised to find that qwhe a 

 number of the eggs we saw had a peculiar black appearance. These 

 were placed in cages, and a few days later the mystery was explained. 

 For, instead of little apj)le worms hatching from tliem, there appeared 

 fully developed adult insects, the surprising number of four coming 

 from a single tiny egg in some cases. It is wonderful to think of four 

 perfect animals having been born in, and having obtained suCicient 

 sustenance to develop into perfect insects from the contents of such a 



