320 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. 



flank of the Uinta Mountains the relation of the axis to the massive Eocene 

 deposits, the significance of the very unequal slopes, and the nature and 

 development of the sedimentation areas again received consideration. Be- 

 cause of the great amount of material accumulated during the past 10 years, 

 as well as the diverse interests represented, it seems best to treat bad lands 

 in three separate publications, one dealing with .recent changes in climate 

 and vegetation, the second with the present climaxes and seres, and the 

 third with their paleo-ecology. The first of these is now in preparation. 



Succession in Dunes and Sandhills, by F. E. Clements. 



Several dune and sandhill areas have been revisited and a number of new 

 ones examined during the field season. These may be conveniently grouped 

 in four types, in accordance chiefly with the originating area. The coastal 

 dunes were seen along the California littoral at La Jolla, Oceano, Montara, 

 and Eureka, and the lacustrine ones in the Algodones of the Colorado Desert, 

 those near Coachella on the Salton Sea, and probably also the larger dunes 

 near Saratoga Springs in Death Valley. Fluvial dunes were examined 

 along the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon and along several of 

 the streams of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. A considerable number of 

 sandhill areas have been studied in eastern Colorado and western Nebraska, 

 western Texas and southern New Mexico, all of which probably had their 

 origin as fluvial dunes. In addition to tracing the course of succession in 

 the various types and climaxes on a comparative basis, considerable attention 

 has been devoted to the ecesis and life-history of the dominants. Further- 

 more, sandhills and old dune areas are often of great value as places of survival 

 of relict communities, and thus furnish decisive evidence as to recent climate 

 and vegetation. This is best illustrated, perhaps, by the great sandhill 

 region of central Nebraska, which exhibits many dominants of the true and 

 subclimax prairies, though it is chiefly in the climate of the mixed prairie. 



Permanent Quadrats and Transects, by F. E. Clements and J. V. G. Loftfield. 



The quadrat work has been expanded until 300 quadrats are being charted 

 at the end of each growing season or oftener, and almost as many more are 

 charted at longer intervals. Many of these have been charted for 6 years 

 at regular intervals. They have been tabulated during the year and the 

 data are at present being compiled. So much of interest has been found 

 and so many new methods developed that it is felt advisable to arrange the 

 material for publication at an early date. 



The standard quadrat is 1 meter square and at present is charted on a 

 scale of 1 to 5 or on a chart 2 dm. square; but since alpine vegetation consists 

 of very numerous small plants, it has been found very difficult to use this 

 unit. Accordingly a special quadrat 4 dm. square has been adopted for this 

 and similar types of vegetation, and this is charted on a scale of 1 to 2 on 

 the same form of sheet as used for the standard quadrat. Such alpine 

 quadrats have been established in addition to the older ones on the top of 

 Pike's Peak and charted once a month during the past season. 



Transplant quadrats have been installed in three of the six formations in 

 the Pike's Peak region for the purpose of studying the relation of grass stages 

 in them to each other and measuring the effect of climate and competition 

 upon the dominants. Each is 1 meter square, with an area 5 dm. square 

 removed from the center and replaced by the sod from a corresponding 

 quadrat in some other formation. Such quadrats have been established in 



