152 



separate in the process of drying. Mr. Webster says lie lays the bot- 

 tom halves first, and when these are properly packed and bedded, be 

 caps them by putting on the upper halves. In many cases of dispute, 

 truth lies between the contending parties, and we may safely set down 

 1^ inch pipes as the best and safest size that can be used in draining. 

 The following cuts represent various kinds of draining tile : 



Inch Pipe. Two Inch Pipe. 



Split Pipe. Horse-shoe Tile. 



Draining tiles are sometimes manufactured with soles, and sometimes 

 without them ; tiles without soles are of little use, loose soles are troub- 

 lesome and expensive — a solid casting of tile and sole in one piece, is 

 much the better way. 



Draining tiles are manufactured in this State by Mr. John Daines, of 

 Birmingham, Oakland county. He constructs tile machines for sale. 

 When draining becomes general in this State, many pipe and tile man- 

 ufactories will be required, in order to furnish supplies of these impor- 

 tant articles. Pipes will be found to answer much better than tiles, and 

 they should always be used in the minor drains. 



A four inch tile will be found sufficient to discharge the water of an 

 ordinary main drain ; in some cases one of six inches in diameter will 

 be required. In tile drains the sides should be sloped from the top to 

 the bottom, so as to terminate so narrow that the tile will have room to 

 be laid and bedded properly. The pipes, or tiles should not press 

 against the sides of the drain, or be laid over hollows in the bottom ; 

 they should have a smooth and even bed. Tile drains are liable to be- 

 come choked with the roots of trees and plants, which sometimes pen- 

 etrate into the tubes and fill them up ; drains should not be constructed 

 close to trees, lest they be injured by them. Mice and rats, and some- 

 times rabbits enter into drains and cause obstructions, so also do toads, 

 frogs, etc. On this account the outlet of main drains should always 

 have an iron grating, sufficiently close to keep out all kinds of intrudei"?, 

 and wide enough to admit free egress to the water. If the pipes have 



