154 



This drawing represents a cask. No. 1 is a pipe supplying it with 

 water. No. 2 is an aperture near the bottom of the cask, through 

 which the water runs with great force. No. 3, is an opening higher 

 up, through which the water runs with diminished force, and No. 4 is 

 an opening near the mouth of the cask, through which the water runs 

 with a still less force, in consequence of the pressure of the water being 

 much less there than in the other places. If the three apertures are 

 not able to discharge the water supplied by No. l,it will rise and flow over 

 the mouth of the cask, just as water rises to the surface of land when 

 sufficient drains are not provided to carry it away. This illustration 

 will serve to explain the mysteries of deep and shallow drainage, and 

 to show the reason why deep drains run sooner and stronger than 

 shallow ones. 



SIZE AND SHAPE OF DRAINS. 



A great deal has been written on draining during the last ten years, 

 and Sk flood of light has been let in upon that subject. Yet there is still 

 room for improvement, narrow drains have entirely superseded wide 

 ones, and are found to work much belter. On the same principle, an 

 improvement might be made in the shape of the drain tile; instead of 

 being wide at bottom and nairow at top, it should be shaped exactly 

 the reverse, and it ought to correspond with the wedge shape of the 

 modern drain. 



Pipes are better calculated to carry off water than horse-shoe tiles, as 

 on account of their cylindrical form a small amount of water will run 

 in them. 



Wedge shaped drains are much better ^than those which are con- 

 structed with perpendicular sides, as on account of their sloped shape, 

 the ground does not press continually on the filling, it becomes arched, 

 and the bottom of the drain is protected from injury. 



I have had considerable experience in draining, having expended 



