159 



it into the ground to the requisite depth, and the pipes being drawn 

 after it, are correctly deposited in the drain. 



In stiff clay land, this plow will construct drains which will discharge 

 water without the aid of tiles. 



The crow-bar and spade, pick-axe and shovel, are draining tools, but 

 they are sufficiently known without being described in a drawing, but 

 the public are not so familiar with the following implements : 



No. 1. No. 2 



No. 4. No. 5. 



Of these figures. No. 1, is a pointed draining spade. No. 2, is a shovel 

 or screen for putting stones into drains, and at the same time, separating 

 them from sand and clay. No. 3, and 4, are draining scoops for clean- 

 ing the bottoms of the drains ; and 5, is a tile-hook for depositing pipes 

 or tiles in the drains. 



MODERN IMPROVEMENTS IK DRAINING. 



Within the last ten years a vast quantity of land has been drained, 

 and many improvements in draining have been devised. 



In the old system, drains were made with perpendicular sides; 

 according to the improved plan they are sloped like a wedge. 



In former times drains were placed at irregular distances, according 

 to the improved plan they are placed at regular intervals, invariably up 

 and down the declivity; and they are made of uniform depth as much 

 as possible, and are wedge shaped. 



Formerly, drains were made wide at bottom, and they were generally 

 filled with unbroken stones, they are now made narrow at bottom, and 

 filled with stones broken small for the purpose. According to old sys- 

 tems, drains were filled up loosely in order that the water might enter 

 from the surface through the mouth of the drain. Modern drainers 



