DISTRIBUTION OF OnilDIANS. 219 



Mountains ; and lastly, several unpublished mammifcra of 

 small size. The number of Birds which inhabit both Japan 

 and Europe, amount to more than one hundred species : 

 many of them, as the aquatic birds and birds of passage, 

 are absolutely identical with ours ; but the stationary 

 species, or those that lead a nomadic life, mthout quitting 

 the larger islands under consideration, often present differ- 

 ences, more or less marked : the Jay of Japan has an ar- 

 rangement of tints somewhat diiferent from ours, and it 

 also differs from the variety found in the Himalaya 

 Mountains. The Titmice, Parus major, P. laudatus, &c., 

 are considerably less in Japan than with us ; the colours 

 are slightly different, and the last species also recedes 

 from our variety, inasmuch as it suspends its nest from 

 the branches of trees, almost like our Parus pendulinus ; 

 the Japanese individuals of the Wagtail (Motacilla alba), 

 are of the variety known by the name of Mot. lugubris ; 

 the Quail, the great Curlew, the Sylvia cisticola of Japan, 

 exhibit differences when compared to those of Europe, 

 &c. Lastly, many other birds of Japan differ more or 

 less from those of Europe, but they often shew differ- 

 ences so slight, that ornithologists even have not always 

 believed it necessary to particularize them (see Temminck, 

 Manuel, III. p. 50, et seq.) I need not speak of 

 the fresh-water Fishes of Japan, many of which represent 

 our European species ; these last often exhibiting differ- 

 ences between one district, or one river, and another, it 

 would be useless to indicate the difficulty of determining, 

 with exactness, those of Japan. The Reptiles of that 

 coimtry furnish the very remarkable fact, that the Sauri- 

 ans and Ophidians, without a single exception, belong to 

 species which do not occur in Europe ; whilst w^e find, 

 among the two other orders of reptiles, analogous races 

 of the same species in both countries : such arc our two 

 Frogs and the Tree-Frog (Uana esculenta, R. tempy- 

 raria, and Hyla arborea), which are absolutely identical 

 with those of Japan ; then our Common Tortoise, Emys 

 vulgaris, known also under the name of Emys Caspica, 

 and E. lutraria, forms in Japan a constant local variety ; 

 the Toad of Japan, although very nearly allied to ours iu 



