488 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSIOi;. 



men of bark photographed shows also the work of what is probably a young Mono- 

 liaiiiinus larva. It will be seen by an examination of this figure that, in this case at 

 least, two females continued their work from the central chamber, one going up and 

 the other down and approximately parallel with the bark fibers. A more advanced 

 stage of this insect's work is shown at plate 8, figures I and 2, which represent 

 portions of adult galleries together with a great many very irregular larval mines, 

 several pupal cells and a few exit holes. This insect and its relatives may cause 

 considerable injury to the inner bark without any very perceptible exterior signs. 



The work of this species in the thinner bark of the middle portion of a vounf 

 pine is well shown on plate 9. The view of the inner aspect of the bark (figure 2) 

 shows the galleries of the Tomicus and also the broader shallow workings of young 

 Monoliaviinns larvre. A great number of exit holes are represented in figure i by 

 the light spots. Both of these illustrations were taken with a light background and 

 consequently the exit holes appear as white spots. 



Dr. Fitch has noticed this insect and he states that the adult burrows have some 

 resemblance to the fingers of a hand spread apart, or to the track of a bird, in that 

 they diverge from a common center and run up and down the tree. He states that 

 this insect may be found under the bark of old white pines. 



Prof. A. D. Hopkins records this species as exceedingly common in the bark of 

 white pine in West Virginia and observes that it attacks all other kinds of pine in 

 that State. He lias also found it in both the larch and black spruce, but not so 

 frequently as in the pine. In May and June, 1897, he found it cjuite connnonly 

 excavating egg galleries in the living bark of black spruce, and his observations led 

 him to conclude that under favorable conditions it might prove a ver\' destructive 

 enemy of this tree. 



Natii7-al Enemies. Comparatively little has been recorded concerning the natural 

 enemies of this species. Clerus guadrisignatiis Say was found by the writer in the 

 burrows of this insect where it was associated with Tomieiis calligrapltus Germ. 

 The very efficient Thanasimus ^dnbius Fabr. was also found b_\- the writer under 

 similar conditions. 



Tomicus caelatus Eich. 



This little species is frequently found in association with the larger T. cal- 

 ligraplnis Germ., and like other small forms of this genus, prefers the thinner 

 bark of small trees or the upper portion of the trunk of larger ones. Dr. I'itch has 

 characterized it as (Mie of the most pernicious of all the insects infcstinty white 

 pine forests and the yellow pin.e in the Southern States. He believed that this 

 species frequently attacked trees in full health and vigor. 



