Recent Apple Failures of Western New York. 61 



grows it ; bat I have seen a number of cases during the past season 

 in which I was satisfied that the mixture had been the cause of the drop, 

 ping of the fruit. Pears seem to suffer most, and in some instances, 

 the crop was nearly ruined by the spray. The climatic conditions 

 which made this injury possible may not recur in many years, but 

 last year's experience in western New York has taught the 

 importance of using freely of lime in the preparation of Bordeaux 

 mixture. There was more or less of this russett injury upon many 

 orchards sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture made by the regular 

 formula, and it was even often present upon unsprayed trees. It 

 is evident that the weather was sometimes directly responsible for 

 it, but the injury was never serious, so far as we could determine, 

 except upon those trees which wei'e treated with the mixture made 

 with the ferrocyanide test. A similar effect of tlie Bordeaux or 

 the arsenic was common upon the foliage of the sprayed trees, the 

 injury appearing in the form of circular dead, brown spots, but 

 even in the worst cases which 1 saw the leaves were much less 

 injured than they evidently would have been by the fungus. A 

 fuller discussion of this matter will occur in Bulletin 85. For an 

 account of a similiar injury upon the quince, see Bulletin 80. 



The most serious injury wrought by the fungus in western 

 New York in recent years is upon the foliage. Its first visible 

 attack, upon the under side of a leaf in this case, is shown in Fig. 7 

 in the colored plate. It is simply a light olive-green discoloration, 

 appearing in small patches. Fig. 5 is a leaf badly attacked in 

 many places, chiefly among the veins, where the disease causes 

 dark, sooty elevations ; and patches of it are often seen on the 

 leaf stalk. The lumpy character of these patches is perhaps a 

 trifle exaggerated in the printing of the plate, but otherwise the 

 picture accurately represents a leaf badly attacked by the fungus. 

 These attacks cut o£f the food supply of the parts of the leaf 

 beyond, and the leaf becomes dry and curled, its edges die and 

 are torn by the wind, giving the tree the blighted appearance 

 which is familiar to all Xew York apple growers. A spray of this 

 ragged, blighted foliage is shown in the illustration on the next 

 page. This condition of the foliage is often serious even when the 

 apples themselves are very slightly attacked, and it is sometimes 

 so bad that most of the foliage falls in early summer. It has been 



