374 Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. 



heater was not a good apparatus. This objection liad little merit, 

 however, because our conclusions "were drawn from observations 

 made upon the heat^carrying power and mechanical movements of 

 the two media, and these fundamental results must have been 

 approximately the same in whatever style of heater was used. 

 However, we repeated the test the following winter (Bulletin 55) 

 under conditions particularly favorable to the water system. In 

 this case, a portable water heater was used alternately for water and 

 steam heating, the piping and other conditions being constructed 

 for water and remaining the same for both media. The essential 

 results of the first test were reaffirmed, except that the coal con- 

 sumption was practically the same in the two systems. 



In this second test, we took up a few points for more particular 

 study. One of these was the effect of crooks and angles upon the 

 movements of steam and water. Our conclusion was that 



6. The addition of crooks and angles in pipes is decidedly dis- 

 advantageous to the circulation of hot water, and of steam without 

 pressure ; but the effect is scarcely perceptible with steam under low 

 pressure. 



Figures show this admirably. A straight run of riser or flow 21 

 feet long, had a piece some over 2 feet long cut out of it, and a 

 set-off or crook put in its place by running the pipe out sidewise, at 

 right angles, about four feet, letting the set-off re-enter the riser at 

 the expiration of the two feet. That is, instead of a continuous 

 piece of pipe, we had a pipe with four angles or elbows in it. The 

 temperatures of the inside of the pipes were taken at the boiler and 

 at the far end of the riser, both with steam and water and with and 

 without the set-off. A part of the records were as follows : 



A.. Water Circulation. — 



1. Straight run. Dec. 22 — Jan. 16 



Average temperature at boiler 159° 



Average tempei'ature at far end of riser 145° 



2. With set-off. Feb. 10-25 



Average temperature at boiler 178° 



Average temperature at far end of riser 131° 



£. Steam Circulation.^ no preceptihle pressure on the guage. — 

 1. Straight run. Jan. 16-31 



Average temperature at boiler 204:° 



Average temperature at far end 184° 



