604 Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. 



which survives the winter and starts early 

 into growth, thereby making very early tillage 

 possible. What this cover crop shall be must | 

 be determined by local conditions. It is prob- l*~ 

 able that better results will be attained if 

 different crops are used in different years, in 

 a rough sort of rotation. Crimson clover is 

 certainly one of the best. This is an annual. 

 If sown too early, it becomes too mature in 

 the fall and kills oat ; if sown too late, it 

 secures insufiicient root-hold and is killed by 

 the winter. We now think that about the 

 middle of July or the iirst of August is the 

 safest time to sow it, under normal conditions, 

 in this latitude. Fig. 140 is a view in a crim- 

 son clover patch on the Cornell plantation 

 taken last spring, and for which the seed was 

 sown the middle of July, 1894. Other good 

 cover crops are peas, vetch, and possibly, now 

 and then a year's crop of field clover. Oats, 

 sowed corn, rape, spurry, buckwheat, rye, may J . ] 

 be used occasionally. ' 



c. Begin to till when\the or chardis planted, 

 and till the entire surface. — If trees are prop- 

 erly set and if cultivation is begun the first 

 year, the roots will go deep enough to escape 



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the plow. The roots of trees spread much farther than the tops. 

 I will give some examples from trees of which we have carefully 



