534 Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. 



I. The kiln drier. 



The evaporators which are used in western New York may be 

 arranged in live categories, — the kilns, horizontal evaporators, towers, 

 steam tray-evaporators, and air-blast-evaporators. The kiln is nothing 

 more than a slatted floor, underneath which hot air or smoke pipes 

 or steam pipes are conducted. The slats are hard wood, sawed 

 about seven-eighths inch wide on top and a half-inch wide on the 

 bottom, and they are laid so that a crack one-fourth inch wide is 

 left on the floor. As the crack is wider below, it does not clog and 

 All up. The kiln is used for curing hops, for drying the skins and 

 cores of apples, and occasionally for drying raspberries and even 

 for the making of " white stock," that is, the commercial grade of 

 sliced evaporated apples. Fig. 107 is a kiln (Mrs. S. C. Perrigo, 



107. — Kiln evaporator, with raspberries a-drying. 



Somerset) in which raspberries are drying. The smokestack from 

 the furnace runs through the room, and beneath the floor, but not 

 shown in the picture, is one circuit of a stove pipe carrying hot air. 

 In this particular floor the slats are close enough together to allow 

 raspberries to be spread upon it ; but floors which are built for hops 

 or apples are generally covered with muslin when raspberries are to 

 be dried. Kilns are generally less eflicient in the production of a 



