498 LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS — ANSERES. 



rises obliquely to a considerable height, and flies off with great speed, the wings pro- 

 ducing a whistling sound. It flies by repeated flaps, without sailing or undulations ; 

 and when in full flight its speed is hardly less than a hundred miles in an hour. 



The Mallard pairs early in the spring, and soon disperses, each pair seeking its 

 breeding-place, and nesting on the ground, in the midst of marshes or among water- 

 plants, occasionally on higher ground, but always in the vicinity of water. Its nest 

  is usually large, and rudely constructed of sedges and coarse grasses, rarely lined 

 with down or feathers. It has been known in rare instances to nest in a tree ; in such 

 cases occupying the deserted nest of a Hawk, Crow, or other large bird. The eggs, 

 usually six or eight in number, are pale dull green or greenish white, and measure 

 2.25 inches by 1.60 inches. 



The female alone incubates, the male leaving her to undergo his annual moult. 

 The female sits very closely, and will sometimes even allow herself to be taken on the 

 nest, or permit the eggs to be removed while she is sitting. When she leaves the 

 nest she conceals the eggs with hay, down, or any convenient material. The period 

 of incubation is four weeks. The young, when hatched, immediately follow their 

 mother to the Avater, where she attends them devotedly, aids them in procuring food, 

 and warns them of the approach of danger. While they are attempting to escape, she 

 feigns lameness, to attract to herself the attention of the enemy. The young are 

 extremely active, dive with surprising celerity, and remain under the water with only 

 the bill above the surface. When the young are full-grown, the male rejoins the 

 brood ; and several families unite to form a small flock. 



The breeding-season lasts from April to June, though few nest south of 40° north 

 latitude after the middle of May. Dr. E. Rey, of Leipzig, informed Mr. Dresser that 

 he has known as many as fifteen eggs in a nest. 



The Mallard, both in the wild and in the domesticated state, readily hybridizes 

 with other species. The Anas maxima of G-osse is a hybrid between this species and 

 the Muscovy Duck. A highly esteemed race of Domestic Duck, knoAvn to fanciers as 

 the Cayuga Duck, is unquestionably the product of a union between a male Mallard 

 and a female Muscovy. Hybridisms between the Mallard and the Godwell, the 

 Shoveller and the Dusky Duck, and other species, are on record. 



The following statements in regard to this species are abridged from the very full 

 Arctic notes of the late Mr. Robert Kennicott : — 



The Mallard is found as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Being a 

 strictly fresh-water Duck, it does not breed immediately upon the sea-coast, but pre- 

 fers the inland rivers and lakes. Nor does it frequent the great lakes and rivers as 

 much as it does the smaller streams and grassy lakes and marshes. It breeds sparingly 

 as far south as Mexico, and its nests are not rare in the jSTorthern United States, but 

 occur in greatest abundance between the Northern United States and the Arctic 

 Circle. In summer this is the most common Duck from the United States northward 

 to Great Slave Lake. It is also abundant on the Yukon and at Peel's River, and 

 Mr. MacFarlane also found it common at Fort Anderson, north of Bear Lake. 



At Great Slave Lake and on tlie Yukon it arrives among the first of the Water 

 Birds, the earliest comers being seen in the latter part of April, though the greater 

 number do not appear until early in May. At Fort Good Hope it arrives a little later. 

 When it reaches Slave Lake, about the 10th of May, it is already paired. A few 

 begin to nest before the middle of May ; but there and on the Yukon the greater 

 number nest early in June, the young hatching about the 1st of July. It leaves its 

 northern breeding-grounds for the south, without collecting in large flecks, about the 

 last of September. 



