CONTENTS. XI 



CHAPTER IV. 

 THE SO-CALLED "GLACIAL EPOCH" AND ITS CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 



SECTION L 



Introductory 265-268 



Views generally entertained with regard to the nature of the Climate of the 

 Glacial Epoch, 265. What is expected to be proved in this chajiter, 266. Diffi- 

 culties to be encountered, 266 ; these ordinarily overlooked, 266. The author's 

 opinion of Unifomiitarianism, 266. Order to be followed in the presentation of 

 the subject, 267, 268. 



SECTIOX II. 

 Present Distribution of Sxow .vxn Ice throughout the World . . . 269-325 



Present Glaciatioii of South America, 269-273. The Andes of Ecuador, 

 270, 271 ; Mr. Whymper's Observations noticed, 270. Snow and Ice in the Pe- 

 ruvian Andes, 271 ; in the Andes of Chili, 271, 272. Peculiar Climatic Condi- 

 tions in Chili resembling those of the Sierra Nevada, 271, 272; Darwin quoted, 

 272. Investigations of Pissis, 272. Snow-line and Glaciers in Tierra del Fuego, 

 272, 273. Small amount of Snow and Ice in Africa, 273. Glaciers of New 

 Zealand described, 273, 274. I'roofs of former Greater Precipitation in New 

 Zealand, 274. — Present Glaciation of the Asiatic Continent, 274-28.5. Im- 

 portance of the facts obtained on this Continent in their bearing on the present 

 discussion, 274. Topography of High Asia, 275. The Arabian and Iranian 

 Table-Lands, 275. Glaciers of the Caucasus, 276. Climatic Condition of the 

 Ural, 277 ; of the Pae-Choi Range, 278; of Central Asia, 278-285. The Panges 

 by which Central Asia is framed indicated, 278, 279 ; Distribution of Ice and 

 Snow.in these Ranges, 280. Climatic Conditions ot the Thibetan High Plateau, 

 280 ; of the Kuen-Luen Range, 281 ; of the Karakorum Range, 281 ; of the Pamir 

 Plateau, 281, 282 ; of the Thian-Schan Range, 282 ; of the Altai Mountains, 

 282 ; of the Himalaya, 284, 285. Height of the Snow-line in the Himalaya, 

 285. — The Glacier Regions of Earope, 285-289. The most important Glacier 

 Systems of the Alps mentioned, 286. Height of Snow-line in the Alps, 286. 

 Glaciers of the Pyrenees, 286 ; of the Scandinavian Range, 287-289. Justedal, 

 Fondal, and Folgefon, 288. Delicate balancing of conditions fovoring Glaciation 

 in the Scandinavian Range, 288, 289. — Climatic and Glacial Conditions of the 

 Polar Regions discussed, 289-318. Importance of these regions in connection 

 with the present discussion, 289, 290. — Peculiar distribution of Land and Water 

 in the Northern Hemisphere, 290, 291. Freezing of the Ocean and formation of 

 Ice on Land contrasted, 292. Present Glaciation of Spitzbergen, 292, 293 ; of 

 Nova Zembla, 293, 294 ; of Franz Josefs Land, 294, 295 ; of Iceland, 295, 



296. Emigration from Iceland (in note), 295. — Climatic and Glacial Condi- 

 tions of Greenland discussed, 296-307 ; its geographical position described, 296, 



297. Probible character of the Interior, 297. Explorations of the Inland Ice, 

 298-303. Exj.editiun of Dalager, 298 ; of Hayes, 298, 299 ; of Nordenskjold, 

 299 ; of Bessels, 299, 300 ; of Amund Heiland, 300, 301 ; particulars of Hellaud's 



