150 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDiE. 



commoner Southern species A. palUpes, which has been very generally con- 

 founded with A. fluviatilk. 



The Astaci from the Spanish peninsula are probably A. palUpes, as well 

 as those of England and Ireland.* 



A. flmmiiUs is also found in Denmark (Huxley, op. cil., p. 299) and in 

 the Scandinavian peninsula. It appears to have been introduced artificially 

 into the latter, having been scarcely known in Sweden before the time 

 of John III. (1568-92). t From Sweden it has spread into Southeastern 

 Norway.^ 



9. Astacus leptodactylus. 



Astacus kp/ochrti/lus, Eschscholtz, Mem. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, VI. 109, Tab. XVIII., 1823. 

 Astacus leploducti/lus, Rathke, Mem, Acad. Imper. dcs Sci. St. Petersbourg, III. 359, Tab. IV. figs. 1, 2, 



1837. (Separate, 1S36.) 

 Astaais kptodaelijUis, var. Caspia, Eichwald, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, 1838, p. 148. — Pauna Caspio- 



Caucasia, p. 179, Tab. XXXVI. fig. 1, 1841. 

 Astacus Icptodactijlas, var. salvias, Nordmann, Observations sur la Faune Poutiquc, iu Deraidoff's Voyage 



daus la llussie Merid. et la Crimeo, Atlas, Crustacea, Tab. I. (No date.§) 

 Astacus leptodactifltts, Erichson, Arch. Naturgescli., Xll.Jalirg., I. 90, 1846. 

 Astacus Jtmiatilis, var. leptoducti/liis, Gekstfeldt, Mem. Acad. Imper. des Sci. St. Petersbourg, IX. 558, 



584, 1859. 

 Astacus leptoducti/lus. Heller, Die Crustaceen des siidliehen Europa, )). 215, Taf. VII. fig. 6, 18G3. 

 Astacus leptodactylus, Kesslee, Bull. Soc. Iinper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 249 [349], 1874. 

 Astacus leptodacti/lus, Huxley, Tlie Crajfish, p. 303, fig. 75 (after Rathke), 1880. 

 Astacus leptodactylus, Eaxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 157, 1884. 



Vak. angulosa. 



Astacus angulosus, Rathke, Mem. Acad. Imper. des Sci. St. Petersbourg, 111. 364, Tab. IV. fig. 3, 1837. 



(Separate, 183(5.) 

 Astacus angulosus, Erichson, Arch. Naturgescli., Xll.Jahrg., I. 91, 1840. (After Rathke.) 

 Astacus Jluviatilis, var. angulosus, Gerstfeldt, Mem. Acad, luiper. des Sci. St. Petersbourg, IX. 5G3, 584, 



1859. 

 Astacus angulosus. Heller, Die Crustaeceu des siidliehen Europa, p. 216, 1863. 



Astacus leploilacli/lus, var. angulosus, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 251 [351], 1874. 

 Astacus leploilacli/lus, var. angulosa, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sei., XX. 157, 1SS4. 



Distribution. — Astacus leptodactylus has the widest distribution of any of 

 the European species of Astacus. It is found in all the rivers that flow into • 

 the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov on the north from the Danube to Mount 

 Caucasus, and in those that empty into the Caspian Sea as far east as the 

 Ural Mountains and the Muchojar Hills in Western Siberia. It descends into 

 the brackish waters of the estuaries of the rivers that empty into the Black 



* See pp. 144, 145. f Liunc, Fauna Suecica, p. .358, 1746- 



% G. O. Sars, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces d'Eau douce de Norvege, p. 11, 1867. 

 \ The text is dated 1840. 



