8 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



nizing the anomalous condition found in Achorutes. Although a few of 

 his interpretations are inaccurate and his drawings rather imaginative, 

 Nicolet decidedly improved upon preceding authors, and his work is of 

 great historical importance. 



Lubbock ('62, '73) enumerates and figures the mouth-parts of Smyn- 

 thurus, Papirius, and Tomocerus, recognizing " second maxilla;," which 

 " are closely attached to the ligula." His clear descriptions are quite 

 accurate, as far as they go, and have never been disputed. His elabo- 

 rate elucidation of the body-muscles of Tomocerus and Smynthurus, 

 wbich no subsequent worker has attempted to repeat, leads one to wish 

 that Lubbock had extended his patient researches to the muscles of 

 the head. 



De Olfers ('62) describes the coarse anatomy of the mouth-parts; 

 his account agrees in the main with Lubbock's. De Olfers notices 

 a " lingua " and " organa cochleariformia," the confluent margins of the 

 latter forming a tube, as expressed in the following passage : " Margines 

 organorum cochleariformium confluentes ut supra diximus tubulum 

 forman t, quern oesophagum appellamus." He is mistaken, however, in 

 terming this tube the oesophagus. 



For the sake of completenesss, I allude to the work of Laboulbene 

 ('65) upon the general anatomy of Anurida maritima, the mouth-parts 

 of which differ widely from the type prevailing among Collembola. 



Meinert ('65), in his noted paper upon Campodea and Japyx, gives 

 important generalizations upon the mouth-parts of insects. 



Packard (71) offers several suggestions upon the homologies of the 

 mouth-parts of Collembola. 



Tullberg (72), in an especially important contribution to the study 

 of Collembola, describes and figures the skeletal portions of the mouth- 

 parts of Tomocerus vulgaris in some detail, showing the general struc- 

 ture and more evident relations of the parts, and adding much to the 

 meagre accounts of other authors. This author discovered and figured 

 salivary glands in Tomocerus flavescens. 



Sommer ('84) describes the muscles of the pharynx and oesophagus. 



Oudemans ('87), in a valuable anatomical work, gives a convenient 

 summary of the results of preceding investigators of the anatomy of 

 Collembola. 



Nassonow ('87) figures the salivary glands of Lipura [Aphorura] 

 ambulans. 



Von Stummer-Traunfels ('91), in the only article devoted exclusively 

 to this subject, discusses the mouth-parts of Collembola and Cinura with 



