LITTORAL DISTRICTS. 225 



lita testudinata and of Toxopneustes variegatus.* Of the northern species, 

 the southern limit of Echinarachnius parma is the coast of New Jersey, 

 while Strongylocentrotus Drbbachiensis, the Circumpolar species, is some- 

 times found as far south as Cape Florida. Of the strictly North Atlantic 

 species, Echinocyamus pusillus does not seem to extend farther west than 

 Iceland, and has thus far not been found on the eastern coast of the United 

 States except in Florida ; Brissopsis lyrifera extends as far as Greenland ; and 

 Schizaster fragilis as far as the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Of the European 

 Atlantic species, Echinus sphaera extends westward to Iceland. 



North Atlantic District (PL B). 



On the European side of the Atlantic the Circumpolar species, Strongylo- 

 centrotus Drbbachiensis, does not reach as far south as on the American side, 

 being rarely found south of the English Channel. The range of some of the 

 species — Cidaris papillata, Spatangus purpureus, Echinus acutus, elegans, nor- 

 vegicus, Echinocyamus pusillus, Echinocardium cordatum, Brissopsis lyrifera 

 — is quite extensive, overlapping as they do the Circumpolar species on the 

 West Coast of Norway, as far north as the Lofoten Islands (in deep water), 

 and even up to North Cape, and stretching thence along the Atlantic shores of 

 Europe, throughout the whole range of the Mediterranean and the Adriatic ; 

 all these species, except Spatangus purpureus, E. acutus, and E. elegans, ex- 

 tend across the Atlantic to the deeper waters of Florida and the West India Isl- 

 ands (Guadaloupe), in conjunction with Asthenosoma hystrix, Pourtalesia mi- 

 randa, Echinocardium pennatifidum, ovatum, and Schizaster fragilis, which 

 as far as known do not extend into the Mediterranean or Adriatic. The 

 strictly European Atlantic species are Echinus sphaera, Echinus miliaria, Spa- 

 tangus Raschi ; they extend along the Atlantic coast, one of the species as far 

 as the Azores, up to the British Islands and Norway, but they are not found 

 in the Mediterranean. 



Sphaerechinus granulans, a strictly Mediterranean species, extends north as 

 far as the West Coast of France, and south to the Cape Verde Islands, and 

 westward to the Azores. The same range is also occupied by Strongylocen- 

 trotus lividus and Arbacia pustulosa, but they both extend to the other 

 side of the Atlantic, and are found in Brazil associated with the West 

 Indian species. 



* Teste Verrill. 



