74 LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS - ANSERES. 



Downy youncj : Plain grayish brown, lighter beneath and over the eyes, the abdomen sometimes, 

 but rarely, almost dirty whitish ; the light superciliary stripe usually distinct and continuous. 



Total length, about 22 inches ; wing, 10.50-11.60 ; culmen, 1.75-2.20; length of bill from tip 

 to end of basal angle, 2.45-3.00 ; greatest width of angle, .25-.35 ; tarsus, 1.90-2.20; middle toe, 

 2.35-2.70.1 



With the single exception of the Common Mallard, no Duck is more generally 

 known to the world at large than this species. The value of its down, as an article 

 of luxury and of commerce for several centuries, has given it an intrinsic value, and 

 to its history an interest, beyond that belonging to any of its tribe. The importance 

 of this bird has been increased by the pains and success with which its cultivation 

 has been carried on in Iceland, Norway, and in other parts of Eurojie. In America, 

 where it is equally common, no corresponding attempts have been made to protect it 

 in the breeding-season. 



The Eider Duck is an Arctic species, common to the Atlantic shores of Europe and 

 America, but noAvhere seen on the Pacific coast of Asia or America. It is found in 

 the Arctic Ocean as far west as the Coppermine Eiver in North America, and as far 

 east as Nova Zembla and the islands north of Siberia. 



Messrs. Evans and Sturge found Ducks of this species breeding in immense 

 numbers on the beach of West Spitzbergen. Their nests were mere hollows scooped 

 in the pebbly ground, very scantily lined with down, mixed with seaweed. Subse- 

 quently Professor Newton saw it luimerous all around Spitzbergen, but less abun- 

 dant toAvard the nortli. Yet on the 15th of July, 18G1, flocks of hundreds of male 

 birds AA'ere observed at Shoal Point, latitude 80° 10' N., Avhich seemed to be on their 

 Avay still farther north. 



Mr. Gillette speaks of finding this species tolerably common all along the coast of 

 Nova Zembla ; but he noAvhere saw it in large flocks. Von Heuglin also met Avith it 

 in the same locality. He found it everyAvhere on rocky islands, but not so common 

 as in Spitzbergen. As late as August 8 he met Avith breeding females, but saAv no 

 old males. 



IMiddendorff enumerates the Eider among the birds of Siberia, and includes it in 

 the list of those Avliich penetrate to the extremest northern points. 



Mr. C. W. Shepard, in his interesting sketch of his explorations in the north- 

 Avestern peninsula of Iceland, gives a graphic account of his visit to an island on the 

 northern coast of Iceland, and of the wonderful tameness of the Eider. " The islands 

 of Vigr and Oedey are their headquarters in the northwest of Iceland. In these they 

 live in undisturbed tranquillity. They have become almost domesticated, and are 

 found in A-ast multitudes, as the young remain and breed in the place of their birth. 

 As the island [Vigr] Avas approached Ave could see flocks upon flocks of the sacred 

 birds, and could hear their cooing at a great distance. We landed on a rocky, wave- 

 worn shore. It was the most Avonderful ornithological sight conceivable. The Ducks 

 and their nests Avere everywhere. Great brown Ducks sat upon their nests in masses, 

 and at CA^ery step started from under our feet. It was with difficulty that Ave avoided 

 treading on some of the nests. On the coast of the opposite shore Avas a Avail built of 

 large stones, just above tlie high-Avater level, about three feet in height, and of con- 

 siderable thickness. At the bottom, on both sides of it, alternate stones had been 

 left out, so as to form a series of square compartments for the Ducks to nest in. 

 Almost CA'ery compartment Avas occupied, and as Ave Avalked along the shore, a long 

 line of Ducks flcAV out, one after the other. The surface of the water also was i)er- 



1 Ten examples. 



