PHALACROCORACID^ — THE CORMORANTS — PHALACROCORAX. 145 



B. Bill robust, compressed, the culineii straight, the maxillary unguis slender and not arched. 



Tail-feathers fourteen, very short (less than half the wing). (Comjisohalieus.'^) 



4. P. penicillatus. Adult, glossy blue-black, with a patch of pale fawn-color or brownisli 



white adjoining base of the gular sac. In the breeding- season, sides of the neck and upper 

 scapulars ornamented by long, stiff, bristly white or pale straw-colored filaments. Hab. 

 Western coast of North America. 



C. Bill slender (more robust in P. j^^i'sineiUatus), nearly cylindrical, the maxilla much broader 



than deep, its unguis abruptly hooked and not arched, that of the mandible strongly 

 convex below. Tail-feathers twelve. {Urile.) 



5. P. pelagicus. Feathers of the forehead advancing to the base of the culmen. Adult, 



head and neck rich silky violet ; lower parts and rump silky dark green ; scapulars and 

 wings bottle-green, tinged with purple. In the breeding-season, neck and rump orna- 

 mented by narrow pure-white filameats, and flanks covered with a pure-white patch. 

 Hab. Pacific coast of North America. 



6. P. urile. Feathers of the forehead separated from the base of the culmen by a strip of 



bare skin connecting the naked lores. Adult, similar to pelagicus, but neck less purplish, 

 the scapulars rich purplish violet. Nuptial ornaments same us in P. pelagicus. Hab. 

 Coast and islands of Alaska, north of Kadiak. 



7. P. perspicillatus. Similar to pelagicus and urile, but much larger (length, 36.00 inches, 



bill 4.00, tail 9.00, tarsus 3.00), with straw-colored filaments on head and upper neck, 

 the eyes encircled with a broad white ring of naked skin, like spectacles. Otherwise 

 much like urile in plumage. Hah. Behring Island, Kamtschatka ; " Russian America." 

 (Probably now extinct !) 



Phalacrocorax carbo. 



THE COMMON CORMORANT. 



Pelecanus carlo, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 133 ; ed. 12, I. 1766, 216. 



Phalacrocorax carbo, Bonap. Synop. 1828, no. 3.'53. — NuTT. Man. II. 1834, 479. — AuD. Orn. Biog. 



III. 1835, 458 ; Synop. 1839, 302 ; B. Am. VI. 1843, 412, pi. 415. — Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. 



1881, no. 642. — CouES, Check List, 2d ed. 1882, no. 750. 

 Gracidus carbo, Gray, Gen. B. 1845. — Lawk, in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 876. — Baied, Cat. N. 



Am. B. 1859, no. 620.— Couks, Key, 1872, 302 ; Check List, 1873, no. 528. 

 Carbo macrorhynchus. Less. Traite, 1831, 604 (Newfoundland). 

 Phalacrocorax carbo, var. macrorhynchus, Bonap. Consp. II. 1855, 168. 

 Phalacrocorax macrorhynchus, Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLII. 1856, 766. 

 Pelecanus phalacrocorax, Bkunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 31. 

 Carbo cormoranus, Meyer, Taschenb. II. 1810, 576. 



Carbo glacialis, arboreus, and subcormoranus, Brehm. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 817, 818, 819. 

 Phalacrocorax amcricanus, Reich. Syst. Av. 1850, t. 47. 



Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic ; south, in America, to New Jersey in winter. 



Sp. Char. Tail of fourteen feathers ; bill strong, the culmen slightly concave in the middle 

 portion, ascending basally, the nail arched and strongly hooked ; maxilla broader than high. Out- 

 line of the feathering behind the orbits rounded, extending thence backward and downward to 

 behind the rictus (where the bare skin forms an obtuse angle), then straight downward across the 

 lower jaw, and finally curving gradually forward, forming an acute angle on the middle of the 

 gular pouch. Adult, in full breeding-plumage: Occiput with a narrow mane-like pendant crest of 

 soft feathers. Head, neck, rump, and lower parts soft glossy blue-black ; back, scapulars, and 

 wing-coverts bronzy slate-brown, each feather broadly and sharply bordered with blue-black ; pri- 

 maries and tail deep dull black, the shafts of the latter growing milky white toward the base. A 

 broad crescentic patch of white adjoining the posterior part of the gular pouch, its posterior outline 



1 Compsohalieus, Ridgw. ; type, Carbo penicillatus, Brandt {K0fi\p6s = comptus, and aXievs = 

 jyiscator). 



VOL. II. — 19 



