524 



THE DIVING BIRDS — PYGOPODES. 



Fratercula aictica. 



THE COMMON PUFFIN. 



Alca ardica, Lixn. S. N. I. 1758, 13, no. 3; ed. 12, 1. 1706, 211, no. 3. 



Fratercula arctica, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 37. — Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1868, 



21 ; Key, 1872, 340 ; Check List, 1873, no. 618 ; ed. 2, 1882, no. 854. — Buiieau, Bull. Soc. 



Zool. France, 1878, pi. iv. tigs. 1-5. — Puuaw. Nom. N. Am. P). 1881, no. 743. 

 Mormon arctica, N.WM. Isis, 1821, 783, pi. 7, figs. 5-7. — Nutt. Man. II. 1834, 548. — Aud. Orn. 



Biog. III. 1835, 105, pi. 213 ; oet. ed. VII. 184, pi. 464. —Cass, in Baird's B. N, Am. 1858, 



903. — Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. 185!), no. 715. 

 Mormon fratercula, Temm. Man. 1820, 033. —Gould, B. Eur. V. 1837, pi. 403. 

 Alca deleta, BuuNX, Orn. Bor. 1764, 25, no. 104 (= young). 

 Alca labradoria, Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 550, no. 6 (= young). 

 Mormon polaris, BiiEiiM, Isis, 1826, 985. 

 Mormon Grahce, Buehm, Viig. Deutschl. 1831, 999. 



IIab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, as far as Southern Greenland ; south in -winter 

 to Atlantic States, and breeding as far south as France and the Bay of Fundy. 



Sp. Chah. Adult, in breeding-season: Pileuni fuliginous-dusky, inclining to brownisli slate, 

 darker along the lateral margin, lighter anteriorly, the forehead sometimes almost ashy ; rest of 

 the head, including chin and tiiroat, light ashy, the throat with a darker suffusion on each side ; 

 broad collar across foreneck fuliginous-dusky, growing gradually black on sides of neck, the nape 



/'. arctica, winter adult. 



and entire upper parts uniform deep black. Lower parts white, the sides (beneath wings) gray- 

 ish fuliginous ; lining of wings light smoky gray. "Bill with the basal rim and the first ridge 

 of the upper mandible dull yellow, the intervening space grayish blue ; basal margin of lower 

 mandible bright red ; first ridge and intervening space as in the upper, the rest bright red 

 (carmine tinged with vermilion) ; membrane at the base of the gape gamboge-yellow, inside of 

 mouth, and tongue, yellow ; edges of eyelids vermilion, horny appendages of eyelids grayish blue ; 

 iris light blue; feet veiniilion, claws black " ^ (Audubon). Adult, winter plumage: Similar to 



1 "Adult {hrecding-phanage). — Iris hazel-brown. Eyelids vermilion-red, llesliy callosities bluish ash. 

 Base of bill and fir.st ridge dull yellowish, the contained space bluish, rest of bill vermilion -red, the tip of 

 the lower mandible and the two terminal grooves yellowish. Legs and feet coral-red, claws black" 

 (Coues). 



