BAUMGARTNER: COPULATION IN GRYLLID^. 325 



He supposes that the mucus secretion of the annexed glands 

 serves to lubricate the organs. He notes the fact that in 

 Gryllus and Gryllotalpa the mucous secretion flows out through 

 the same duct with the sperm. He adds further: "In Gryllus, 

 I think, fecundation is more complex, occurring by means of a 

 special organ which is left in the vagina of the female and 

 which can be reformed up to three times a day, as I myself 

 have seen. This singular organ holds the sperm in its interior 

 and is a true spermatophore." The only way I can explain 

 how Berlese came to overlook the discrepancy between his 

 description and his "Physiological Note" is to think that in 

 the body of the paper he was concerned with the homology 

 of the parts in the various groups of Orthoptera, and so did not 

 think of the function. 



Graber (9) shows that in many Orthoptera there is no true 

 copulation, but that the sperm are transferred by spermato- 

 phores. Palmen (17) studied by means of dissection and sec- 

 tions several species of Orthoptera, and he confirms Graber, 

 showing the absence of a penis and the correct method of 

 spermatozoon transfer. 



Peytoureau (19) in his long thesis on the "Morphology of 

 the Genital Armature of Insects," does not even mention 

 Lespes's work, again showing how little this early, accurate 

 investigation is known ; or if known, how little it is appreciated. 

 Peytoureau worked on the mole crickets, some long-horned 

 and some short-horned grasshoppers. His special study was 

 the hard parts, and he showed that the penis is absent, ex- 

 cept in the Acrididse, the Forficulidse and the Ephemeridse. But 

 his study was centered about the homology of the male and fe- 

 male hard parts. Questions of the number of abdominal seg- 

 ments, the relative position of the ovipositor and the penis and 

 to what segments these belonged, were the ones which he con- 

 sidered; and so the only observation of importance bearing 

 upon our topic is the absence of the penis in the Gryllidse. 



Fenard (6) in 1896 published a long paper on "Les Organes 

 Complimentaries Internes de L'appariel Genital des Orthop- 

 teres." He studied both sections and dissections of the an- 

 nexed glands in the two sexes of several genera of most of the 

 families of Orthoptera. In his observations he is correct on 

 the whole. But in his interpretations he is not always so 

 fortunate. The errors made are due largely to the fact, I 



