CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 351 



several hundred millimeters and the wart-like papillae of the back may be 5 mm. 

 in diameter at base and 3-4 mm. high. The color in life, of the Ecuadorian 

 specimen, was red. 



Holothuria chilensis. 

 C. Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil., 2 Th., 1, 5 heft, p. 249. 



Nothing is known of this species beyond what is given in the original descrip- 

 tion, which was based on a specimen in the Hamburg Museum, labeled " Chile," 

 and even the type specimen is no longer extant. As the genus is characteristic 

 of the tropics and is well represented in the Panamic region, it probably occurs 

 on the coast of Peru, and if the type of chilensis really came from Chile, that 

 species is the one we should naturally expect to find. The specimen of H. vaga- 

 bunda in the Stockholm Museum, labeled "Peru " (see Theel, 1SS6), is doubtless 

 from " Peru " in the Gilbert Islands and not from South America. 



Phyllophorus peruvianus. 



Holothuria [MuUeria, Flemm.) peruviana R. P. Lesson, 1830. Cen. Zool., p. 124. 



Anaperus peruanus F. Troschel, 1846. Arch. f. Naturg., 12, Bd. 1, p. 61. 



Pattalus mollis Selenka, 1868. Zeit. f. w. Zool., 18, p. 113. 



Thyonidium peruanum Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil., 2 Th., 1, 2 heft, p. 67. 



Thyonidium molle Semper, 1868. Op. cit., 5 heft, p. 243. 



Thyone (Stolus) chilensis Semper, 1868. Op. cit., 5 heft, p. 241. 



Pattalus peruvianus Verrill, 1868. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 376. 



Eucyclus duplicatus Lampert, 1885. Die seewalzen, p. 290. 



Phyllophorus chilensis Ludwig, 1887. SB. Akad. Berlin, No. 54, p. 24. 



Phyllophorus mollis Ludwig, 1892. Die seewalzen, p. 347. 



Plate 14, figure 1. 



The above list of synonyms is by no means complete, but is sufficient to show 

 how frequently this holothurian has served as the basis for a new name. This is 

 due, not to any unusual variability, but to the unequal development of its numer- 

 ous tentacles and to the very great (and usually unequal) contraction they undergo 

 in death. Very few preserved specimens show twenty equally large and symmet- 

 rically arranged tentacles; typically ten tentacles are large and ten small, and 

 commonly in such specimens the small tentacles are arranged in five pairs 

 alternating more or less perfectly with the five pairs of large ones ; in some speci- 

 mens the tentacles appear to form two concentric circles. There can be very little 

 doubt that the names given above all refer to the same animal. One of the speci- 

 mens before me is almost exactly like Lesson's type in that it seems to have but 

 eight tentacles and these are large and about equal ; dissection shows, however, 

 the remaining tentacles of very unequal size, strongly contracted and withdrawn 

 into the body. Ludwig (1898 b), while inclined to the view that Lesson's species 

 is identical with Selenka's, thinks Troschel's species and Semper's Thyone chilensis 

 are different. He bases his opinion concerning the former on Troschel's statement 



