12 INTRODUCTION [CH. 



cows' milk in the Caucasus, and koumiss from mares' milk in South Western 

 Siberia. In both these cases the formation of alcohol depends on the yeast, 

 and that of lactic acid is due to bacterial activity. 



A different type of association is found in the preparation of the Japanese 

 rice wine or sake. Here the starch of the rice is hydrolysed by Eurotium 

 Oryzae and the resultant sugar is fermented by a yeast. 



In other cases zymase is secreted by filamentous fungi such as Rhizopus 

 nigricans, Penicillium glaucum, and Eurotium nigrum. Mucor racemosus and 

 certain other species when cultivated in sugar solution form ovoid cells which 

 multiply by budding and cause active fermentation. 



Soot Fungi. The soot fungi (Meliola, Capnodium, etc.), like the wild 

 yeasts, are epiphytic saprophytes; they occur on leaves frequented by green 

 fly and obtain their food from the " honey-dew " excreted by these insects. 

 Their mycelium grows rapidly and forms a sooty coating on the leaves of 

 the host, but does not become thick enough to injure them by excluding light. 



SAPROPHYTISM: BIBLIOGRAPHY 

 1892 Ward, H. MARSHALL. The Ginger-Beer Plant and the Organisms composing it. 

 Phil. Trans, clxxxiii, p. 125. 



1895 KLOCKER, A. and SCHIONNING, H. Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die 

 vermeintliche Umbildung des Aspergillus oryzae in einem Saccharomyceten. 

 Centralbl. fiir Bakt. Abt. ii; i, p. 777. 



1896 KLOCKER, A. and SCHIONNING, H. Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die 

 vermeintliche Umbildung verschiedenen Schimmelpilze in Saccharomyceten. Cen- 

 tralbl. fiir Bakt. Abt. ii; ii, p. 185. 



1897 Ward, H. Marshall. On the Biology of Stereum hirsutum. Phil. Trans, clxxxix, 

 p. 123. 



1898 Ward, H. Marshall. Penicillium as a Wood-destroying Fungus. Ann. Bot. xii, 

 p. 565. 



1899 BlFFEN, R. H. A Fat-destroying Fungus. Ann. Bot. xiii, p. 363. 



1899 Czapek, F. Zur Biologie der holzbewohnenden Pilze. Ber. deut. bot. Ges. xvii, 



p. 166. 

 1901 BlFFEN, R. H. On the Biology of Bulgaria polymorphs., Wett. Ann. Bot. xv, p. 1 19. 

 1901 Green, J. REYNOLDS. The Soluble Ferments and Fermentation. Cambridge 



Univ. Press. 



1901 Massee, G. and SALMON, E. S. Researches on Coprophilous Fungi. Ann. Bot. xv, 



P- 313- 



1902 VON SCHRENK, H. Decay of Timber and the Means of Preventing it. U.S. Uept. 

 of Agr. Bureau of Plant Industry. Bull. 14, New York. 



1903 MOLLIARD, M. Sur une Condition qui favorise la Production des PeYitheces chez 

 les Ascobolus. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. xix, p. 150. 



1905 BULLER, A. H. R. The Destruction of Wooden Paving Blocks by the Fungus 

 Le?ttinus lepideus, Fr. Journ. Econ. Biol, i, p. 1. 



1906 BULLER, A. H. R. Polyporus squamosus as a Timber destroying Fungus. Journ. 

 Econ. Biol, i, p. 101. 



1907 Fraser, H. C. I. On the Sexuality and Development of the Ascocarp in Lachnea 

 stercorea, Pers. Ann. Bot. xxi, p. 349. 



1907 Welsford, E. J. Fertilization in Ascobolus furfuraceus. New Phyt. vi, p. 136. 



