20 INTRODUCTION [ch. 



1891 FRANK, B. Ueber die auf Verdauung von Pilzen abzielende Symbiose der mit 

 endotrophen Mycorhizen begabten Pflanzen, so wie der Leguminosen und Ellen. 

 Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges. ix, p. 244. 



1894 Miyoshi, M. Ueber Chemotropismus der Pilze. Bot. Zeit. lii, p. i. 



1902 Lang, W. H. On the Prothalli of Ophioglossum pendulum and Helminthostackys 

 zeylanica. Ann. Bot. xvi, pp. 28 and 36. 



1904 Cavers, F. On the Structure and Biology of Fegatella conica. Ann. Bot. xviii, p. 95 



1904 Ma.SSEE, G. On the Origin of Parasitism in Fungi. Phil. Trans. B. cxcvii, p. 7. 



1904 Weiss, F. E. A Mycorhiza from the Lower Coal Measures. Ann. Bot. xviii, p. 255. 



1905 Gallaud, I. Etudes sur les mycorhizes endotrophes. Rev. Gen. Bot. xvii, p. 1. 



1906 FULTON, H. R. Chemotropism of Fungi. Bot. Gaz. xli, p. 81. 



1908 Bower, F. O. The Origin of a Land Flora. Macmillan & Co., London, pp. 240, 

 477 ct seq. 



1909 Bernard, N. L'eVolution dans la symbiose des Orchide'es et leurs champignons 

 commensaux. Ann Sci. Nat. 9 me ser. ix, p. 1. 



1909 Burgeff H. Die Wurzelpilze der Orchideen. Fischer, Jena. 



191 1 Bernard, N. Sur la fonction fungicide des bulbes d'Ophrydees. Ann. Sci. X.it. 



9 n ' e six. xiv, p. 221. 

 191 1 Bernard, N. Les mycorhizes des Solatium. Ann. Sci. Nat. g m " sen xiv, p. 235. 

 191 1 Kusano, S. Gastrodea elata and its Symbiotic Association with Armillaria mel/ea. 



Journ. Coll. Agric. Tokio, iv, p. 1. 

 191 1 Melhus, 1. E. Experiments on Spore Germination and Infection in Certain Species 



of Oomycetes. Univ. Wise. Agric. Expt. Sta. Research Bull, xv, p. 25. 



1914 Kohinson, W. Some Experiments on the Effect of External Stimuli on the Sporidia 

 of Puccinia malvacearum Mont.). Ann. Bot. xxviii, p. 331. 



191 5 RAYNER, M. C. Obligate Symbiosis in Calluna. Ann. Bot. xxix, p. 97. 



1915 BROWN, W. Studies in the Physiology of Parasitism. I. Ann. Bot. xxix, p. 313. 



1916 Blackman, V. H. and Welsford, E. J. Studies in the Physiology of Parasitism. II. 

 Ann. Bot. xxx, p. 389. 



1916 BROWN, W. Studies in the Physiology of Parasitism. III. Ann. Bot. xxx, p. 399. 

 1916 Graves, A. H. Chemotropism in Rhizopus nigricans. Bot. Gaz. lxii, p. 337. 



1916 RAYNER, M. C. Recent Developments in the Study of Endotrophic Mycorhiza. 

 New Phyt. xv, p. 161. 



1917 Brown, W. On the Physiology of Parasitism. New Phyt. xvi, p. 109. 



1917 DufrenoY', J. The Endotrophic Mycorhiza of Ericaceae. New Phyt. xvi, p. 222. 

 1917 West, C. On Stigeosporium Marattiacearum and the Mycorrhiza of the Marattia- 



ceae. Ann. Bot. xxxi, p. 77. 

 1919 Dey, P. K. Studies in the Physiology of Parasitism. V. Infection by Colletotrichitm 



Undemuthianum. Ann. Bot. xxxiii, p. 305. 

 1921 RAMSBOTTOM, J. Orchid Mycorhiza. Catalogue of J. Charles worth & Co., Haywards 



Heath, p. 1. 



SPECIALIZATION OF SAPROPHYTISM AND PARASITISM 



Fungi vary very much in the extent to which they are adapted or re- 

 stricted to a particular habitat. In some species the range is very wide, as in 

 the case of Eurotium herbariorum or Penicillium glauaim which may occur 

 under suitable conditions of temperature and moisture on almost any plant 

 remains, on plant products such as bread or jam, or on substances of animal 

 origin and, in the case of Penicillium, especially on cheese. 



Eurotium herbariorum and some other species are even found in the human 



